Intshayelelo

Ukukhanya kudlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokukhula kwezityalo. Sesona sichumisi silungileyo sokukhuthaza ukufunxwa kwe-chlorophyll yezityalo kunye nokufunxwa kweempawu ezahlukeneyo zokukhula kwezityalo ezifana ne-carotene. Nangona kunjalo, into ebalulekileyo emisela ukukhula kwezityalo yinto ebanzi, enganxulunyaniswanga nokukhanya kuphela, kodwa ikwangahlulwanga nolwakhiwo lwamanzi, umhlaba kunye nesichumisi, iimeko zendalo yokukhula kunye nolawulo olupheleleyo lobuchwephesha.

Kwiminyaka emibini okanye emithathu edlulileyo, bekukho iingxelo ezingapheliyo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji yokukhanyisa ye-semiconductor malunga neefektri zezityalo ezinemilinganiselo emithathu okanye ukukhula kwezityalo. Kodwa emva kokuyifunda ngononophelo, kusoloko kukho imvakalelo yokungakhululeki. Ngokubanzi, akukho ukuqonda ngokwenene ukuba ukukhanya kufanele kudlale yiphi indima ekukhuleni kwezityalo.

Okokuqala, masiqonde i-spectrum yelanga, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 1. Kuyabonakala ukuba i-solar spectrum yi-continuous spectrum, apho i-blue spectrum ne-green spectrum zinamandla kune-red spectrum, kwaye i-visual light spectrum isukela kwi-380 ukuya kwi-780 nm. Ukukhula kwezinto eziphilayo kwindalo kunxulumene nobukhulu be-spectrum. Umzekelo, uninzi lwezityalo kwindawo ekufutshane ne-equator zikhula ngokukhawuleza kakhulu, kwaye kwangaxeshanye, ubukhulu bokukhula kwazo bukhulu kakhulu. Kodwa ubukhulu bokukhanya kwelanga abusoloko bungcono, kwaye kukho inqanaba elithile lokukhetha ukukhula kwezilwanyana nezityalo.

Umfanekiso 1, Iimpawu ze-solar spectrum kunye ne-visual light spectrum yayo

Okwesibini, umzobo wesibini we-spectrum yezinto ezibalulekileyo zokufunxa izityalo uboniswe kuMfanekiso 2.

Umfanekiso 2, Iispectra zokufunxa ii-auxins ezininzi ekukhuleni kwezityalo

Kuyabonakala kuMfanekiso 2 ukuba ii-spectra zokufunxa ukukhanya kwee-auxins ezininzi ezibalulekileyo ezichaphazela ukukhula kwezityalo zahlukile kakhulu. Ke ngoko, ukusetyenziswa kwezibane zokukhula kwezityalo ze-LED akuyonto ilula, kodwa kujoliswe kakhulu. Apha kuyimfuneko ukwazisa iingcamango zezinto ezimbini ezibalulekileyo zokukhula kwezityalo ze-photosynthetic.

• I-Chlorophyll

I-Chlorophyll yenye yezona pigment zibalulekileyo ezinxulumene ne-photosynthesis. Ikho kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo ezinokudala i-photosynthesis, kuquka izityalo eziluhlaza, i-prokaryotic blue-green algae (i-cyanobacteria) kunye ne-eukaryotic algae. I-Chlorophyll ifunxa amandla avela ekukhanyeni, aze asetyenziswe ukuguqula i-carbon dioxide ibe yi-carbohydrate.

I-Chlorophyll a ifunxa ukukhanya okubomvu, kwaye i-chlorophyll b ifunxa ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ikakhulu ukwahlula izityalo ezinombala kwizityalo zelanga. Umlinganiselo we-chlorophyll b kwi-chlorophyll a yezityalo ezinombala umncinci, ngoko ke izityalo ezinombala unokusebenzisa ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kakhulu kwaye zilungele ukukhula emthunzini. I-Chlorophyll a iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kwaye i-chlorophyll b iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Kukho ukufunxa okunamandla okubini kwe-chlorophyll a kunye ne-chlorophyll b, enye ikwindawo ebomvu enobude obuyi-630-680 nm, kwaye enye ikwindawo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka enobude obuyi-400-460 nm.

• IiCarotenoids

IiCarotenoids ligama eliqhelekileyo lodidi lweemibala yendalo ebalulekileyo, ezifumaneka rhoqo kwiimibala etyheli, e-orenji-bomvu okanye ebomvu kwizilwanyana, kwizityalo eziphezulu, kwiifungi, nakwi-algae. Okwangoku, kufunyenwe ii-carotenoids zendalo ezingaphezu kwama-600.

Ukufunxwa kokukhanya kwee-carotenoids kugubungela umgama we-OD303 ~ 505 nm, nto leyo enika umbala wokutya kwaye ichaphazela ukutya okutyiwa ngumzimba. Kwi-algae, kwizityalo, nakwii-microorganisms, umbala wayo ugutyungelwe yi-chlorophyll kwaye awunakuvela. Kwiiseli zezityalo, ii-carotenoids eziveliswayo azigcini nje ngokufunxa nokudlulisa amandla ukunceda i-photosynthesis, kodwa zikwanomsebenzi wokukhusela iiseli ekutshatyalalisweni ziimolekyuli ze-oxygen ezine-electron bond ezivuselelweyo.

Ukungaqondani okuthile ngokwengqiqo

Nangona isiphumo sokonga amandla, ukukhetha kokukhanya kunye nokulungelelaniswa kokukhanya, ukukhanya kwe-semiconductor kubonise iingenelo ezinkulu. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yophuhliso olukhawulezileyo lweminyaka emibini edlulileyo, sibone nokungaqondani okuninzi kuyilo kunye nokusetyenziswa kokukhanya, okubonakala kakhulu kwezi nkalo zilandelayo.

①Lo gama nje iitships ezibomvu neziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka zobude obuthile be-wavelength zidityaniswe kumlinganiselo othile, zingasetyenziswa ekulimeni izityalo, umzekelo, umlinganiselo obomvu noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka yi-4:1, 6:1, 9:1 njalo njalo.

②Logama nje ilukukhanya okumhlophe, ingathatha indawo yokukhanya kwelanga, njengetyhubhu yokukhanya emhlophe ye-three-primary esetyenziswa kakhulu eJapan, njl. Ukusetyenziswa kwezi spectrum kunefuthe elithile ekukhuleni kwezityalo, kodwa isiphumo asilunganga njengomthombo wokukhanya owenziwe yi-LED.

③Logama nje i-PPFD (ubuninzi be-light quantum flux), iparameter ebalulekileyo yokukhanyisa, ifikelela kwi-index ethile, umzekelo, i-PPFD ingaphezulu kwe-200 μmol·m-2·s-1. Nangona kunjalo, xa usebenzisa esi salathisi, kufuneka uqaphele ukuba sisityalo somthunzi okanye sisityalo selanga. Kufuneka ubuze okanye ufumane i-light compensation saturation point yezi zityalo, ebizwa ngokuba yi-light compensation point. Kwizicelo zangempela, izithole zihlala zitshiswa okanye zome. Ke ngoko, uyilo lwale parameter kufuneka luyilwe ngokweentlobo zezityalo, indawo yokukhula kunye neemeko.

Ngokuphathelele inkalo yokuqala, njengoko kuchazwe kwintshayelelo, i-spectrum efunekayo ekukhuleni kwesityalo kufuneka ibe yi-spectrum eqhubekayo enobubanzi obuthile bokusasazwa. Akufanelekile ngokucacileyo ukusebenzisa umthombo wokukhanya owenziwe ngee-chips ezimbini ze-wavelength ezibomvu neziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunye ne-spectrum encinci kakhulu (njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 3(a)). Kwizilingo, kufunyenwe ukuba izityalo zihlala zityheli, iingcambu zamagqabi zikhanya kakhulu, kwaye iingcambu zamagqabi zincinci kakhulu.

Kwiityhubhu ze-fluorescent ezinemibala emithathu ephambili esetyenziswa kakhulu kwiminyaka edlulileyo, nangona umhlophe wenziwa, ii-spectra ezibomvu, eziluhlaza, neziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka zahlulwe (njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 3(b)), kwaye ububanzi be-spectrum buncinci kakhulu. Ubunzulu be-spectral yenxalenye elandelayo eqhubekayo bubuthathaka, kwaye amandla asemakhulu xa ethelekiswa nee-LED, ngokuphindwe ka-1.5 ukuya kathathu kukusetyenziswa kwamandla. Ke ngoko, isiphumo sokusebenzisa asilungile njengezibane ze-LED.

Umfanekiso 3, Isibane sezityalo se-LED esine-chip ebomvu neluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunye ne-spectrum yezibane ze-fluorescent ezinemibala emithathu ephambili

I-PPFD yi-light quantum flux density, ebhekisa kwi-radiation light flux density esebenzayo yokukhanya kwi-photosynthesis, emele inani lilonke le-light quanta incident kwiziqu zamagqabi ezityalo kuluhlu lwamaza angama-400 ukuya kuma-700 nm ngexesha leyunithi kunye nendawo yeyunithi. Iyunithi yayo yi-μE·m-2·s-1 (μmol·m-2·s-1). I-photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) ibhekisa kwi-radiation iyonke yelanga enobude bamaza obuphakathi kwama-400 ukuya kuma-700 nm. Ingabonakaliswa yi-light quanta okanye ngamandla agqamileyo.

Ngaphambili, amandla okukhanya abonakaliswa yi-illuminator yayikukukhanya, kodwa ububanzi bokukhula kwesityalo buyatshintsha ngenxa yokuphakama kwesibane esivela kwisityalo, ukugqunywa kokukhanya kunye nokuba ukukhanya kungadlula na emagqabini. Ke ngoko, akuchanekanga ukusebenzisa i-par njengesalathisi sokuqina kokukhanya kwisifundo se-photosynthesis.

Ngokubanzi, indlela yokwenza i-photosynthesis inokuqaliswa xa i-PPFD yesityalo esithanda ilanga inkulu kune-50 μmol·m-2·s-1, ngelixa i-PPFD yesityalo esinomthunzi ifuna kuphela i-20 μmol·m-2·s-1. Ke ngoko, xa uthenga izibane zokukhulisa ze-LED, ungakhetha inani lezibane zokukhulisa ze-LED ngokusekelwe kweli xabiso lesalathiso kunye nohlobo lwezityalo ozityalayo. Umzekelo, ukuba i-PPFD ye-LED lightt enye yi-20 μmol·m-2·s-1, kufuneka iibhalbhu zezityalo ze-LED ezingaphezu kwe-3 ukuze kukhuliswe izityalo ezithanda ilanga.

Izisombululo ezininzi zoyilo lwezibane ze-semiconductor

Ukukhanyisa kwe-semiconductor kusetyenziswa ekukhuleni okanye ekutyaleni izityalo, kwaye kukho iindlela ezimbini ezisisiseko zokubhekisa kuzo.

• Okwangoku, imodeli yokutyala ngaphakathi ishushu kakhulu eTshayina. Le modeli ineempawu ezininzi:

①Indima yezibane ze-LED kukubonelela ngezibane zezityalo ezipheleleyo, kwaye inkqubo yokukhanyisa iyimfuneko ukuze inike amandla okukhanyisa onke, kwaye iindleko zemveliso ziphezulu kakhulu;
②Uyilo lwezibane ze-LED grow kufuneka luqwalasele ukuqhubeka kunye nokuthembeka kwe-spectrum;
③Kuyimfuneko ukulawula ngokufanelekileyo ixesha lokukhanyisa kunye nobukhali bokukhanya, njengokuvumela izityalo ziphumle iiyure ezimbalwa, ubukhali bokukhanya alwanelanga okanye bunamandla kakhulu, njl.njl.;
④Lonke eli qhinga kufuneka lixelise iimeko ezifunekayo kwindawo efanelekileyo yokukhula kwezityalo ngaphandle, ezinje ngomswakama, ubushushu kunye noxinzelelo lwe-CO2.

• Indlela yokutyala ngaphandle enesiseko esihle sokutyala izityalo eziluhlaza ngaphandle. Iimpawu zale modeli zezi:

①Indima yezibane ze-LED kukongeza ukukhanya. Enye kukwandisa ukukhanya kwiindawo eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nezibomvu phantsi kokukhanya kwelanga emini ukukhuthaza i-photosynthesis yezityalo, kwaye enye kukubuyisela xa kungekho kukhanya kwelanga ebusuku ukukhuthaza izinga lokukhula kwezityalo.
②Ukukhanya okongezelelweyo kufuneka kuqwalasele ukuba isityalo sikuliphi inqanaba lokukhula, njengexesha lokuhluma kwezithole okanye ixesha lokudubula nokuvelisa iziqhamo.

Ngoko ke, uyilo lwezibane zokukhulisa izityalo ze-LED kufuneka kuqala lube neendlela ezimbini ezisisiseko zoyilo, oko kukuthi, ukukhanya kweeyure ezingama-24 (ngaphakathi) kunye nokukhanyisa okongezelelekileyo kokukhula kwezityalo (ngaphandle). Ukulima izityalo zangaphakathi, uyilo lwezibane zokukhulisa izityalo ze-LED kufuneka luqwalasele iinkalo ezintathu, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 4. Akunakwenzeka ukupakisha iitships ngemibala emithathu ephambili ngomlinganiselo othile.

Umfanekiso 4, Ingcamango yoyilo lokusebenzisa izibane ze-LED zezityalo zangaphakathi zokukhanyisa iiyure ezingama-24

Umzekelo, kwi-spectrum ekwinqanaba le-nursery, xa ucinga ukuba kufuneka iqinise ukukhula kweengcambu neziqu, iqinise amasebe amagqabi, kwaye umthombo wokukhanya usetyenziswa ngaphakathi, i-spectrum ingayilwa njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 5.

Umfanekiso 5, izakhiwo zeSpectral ezifanelekileyo kwixesha le-LED langaphakathi lokukhulisa abantwana

Kuyilo lohlobo lwesibini lokukhanya kwe-LED, lujoliswe ikakhulu kwisisombululo soyilo lokukhanya okongezelelweyo ukukhuthaza ukutyala kwisiseko sendlu eluhlaza yangaphandle. Ingcamango yoyilo iboniswe kuMfanekiso 6.

Umfanekiso 6, Iingcamango zoyilo lwezibane zokukhulisa izityalo zangaphandle 

Umbhali ucebisa ukuba iinkampani ezininzi zokutyala zisebenzise ukhetho lwesibini lokusebenzisa izibane ze-LED ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwezityalo.

Okokuqala, ukulima iigreenhouse zangaphandle eTshayina kuneminyaka emininzi kakhulu kwaye kunamava amaninzi, kokubini emazantsi nasemantla. Inesiseko esihle sobuchwepheshe bokulima iigreenhouse kwaye ibonelela ngeziqhamo nemifuno emininzi emitsha kwimarike yezixeko ezingqongileyo. Ingakumbi kwicandelo lokutyala umhlaba, amanzi kunye nesichumiso, kuye kwenziwa iziphumo zophando ezityebileyo.

Okwesibini, olu hlobo lwesisombululo sokukhanya esongezelelweyo lunokunciphisa kakhulu ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ngokungeyomfuneko, kwaye kwangaxeshanye lunokunyusa ngempumelelo isivuno seziqhamo nemifuno. Ukongeza, indawo enkulu yelizwe laseTshayina ilungele kakhulu ukukhuthazwa.

Njengophando lwenzululwazi lokukhanyisa izityalo ze-LED, ikwabonelela ngesiseko esibanzi sovavanyo kuyo. Umzobo 7 luhlobo lokukhanya kwe-LED okukhuliswe leli qela lophando, olufanele ukukhuliswa kwiindawo zokugcina izityalo, kwaye uluhlu lwalo luboniswe kumzobo 8.

Umfanekiso 7, Uhlobo lokukhanya kwe-LED

Umfanekiso 8, uhlobo lokukhanya kwe-LED grow

Ngokwezimvo zoyilo ezingentla, iqela lophando lenze uthotho lwezilingo, kwaye iziphumo zovavanyo zibaluleke kakhulu. Umzekelo, ekukhanyeni kokukhulisa ngexesha lokukhulisa izityalo, isibane sokuqala esisetyenzisiweyo sisibane se-fluorescent esinamandla angama-32 W kunye nomjikelo we-nursery weentsuku ezingama-40. Sibonelela ngokukhanya kwe-LED ye-12 W, okunciphisa umjikelo wezityalo ukuya kwiintsuku ezingama-30, kunciphisa ngempumelelo impembelelo yobushushu bezibane kwindawo yokusebenzela yezityalo, kwaye kusindisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kwe-air conditioner. Ubukhulu, ubude kunye nombala wezityalo zingcono kunesisombululo sokuqala sokukhulisa izityalo. Kwizityalo zemifuno eqhelekileyo, kufunyenwe nezigqibo ezilungileyo zokuqinisekisa, ezishwankathelwe kwitheyibhile elandelayo.

Phakathi kwazo, iqela lokukhanya elongezelelweyo le-PPFD: 70-80 μmol·m-2·s-1, kunye nomlinganiselo obomvu noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka: 0.6-0.7. Uluhlu lwexabiso le-PPFD lasemini leqela lendalo yayiyi-40~800 μmol·m-2·s-1, kwaye umlinganiselo obomvu noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka yayiyi-0.6~1.2. Kuyabonakala ukuba ezi zibonakaliso zingasentla zingcono kunezo zezityalo ezikhuliswe ngokwendalo.

Isiphelo

Eli nqaku lizisa ngophuhliso lwamva nje ekusetyenzisweni kwezibane zokukhulisa ze-LED ekulimeni izityalo, kwaye libonisa ukungaqondani okuthile ekusetyenzisweni kwezibane zokukhulisa ze-LED ekulimeni izityalo. Okokugqibela, iingcamango zobugcisa kunye nezicwangciso zophuhliso lwezibane zokukhulisa ze-LED ezisetyenziselwa ukulima izityalo ziyaziswa. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kukwakho nezinye izinto ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe ekufakweni nasekusetyenzisweni kokukhanya, njengomgama phakathi kokukhanya nesityalo, uluhlu lokukhanya kwesibane, kunye nendlela yokufaka ukukhanya ngamanzi aqhelekileyo, isichumisi, kunye nomhlaba.

Umbhali: Yi Wang et al. Umthombo: CNKI