Umthombo Wokuqala: Houcheng Liu. Imeko yophuhliso kunye nendlela eqhuba ngayo imboni yokukhanyisa izityalo ze-LED [J]. Ijenali yoBunjineli bokuKhanya, 2018, 29(04):8-9.
Umthombo weNqaku: Izinto xa sele zinzulu

Ukukhanya yeyona nto iphambili kwindalo esingqongileyo ekukhuleni nasekuphuhlisweni kwezityalo. Ukukhanya akupheleli nje ekunikeni amandla okukhula kwezityalo nge-photosynthesis, kodwa kukwangumlawuli obalulekileyo wokukhula nophuhliso lwezityalo. Isongezelelo sokukhanya okwenziweyo okanye ukukhanya okupheleleyo okwenziweyo kunokukhuthaza ukukhula kwezityalo, kwandise isivuno, kuphucule imo yemveliso, umbala, kuphucule izinto ezisebenzayo, kwaye kunciphise ukuvela kwezifo nezinambuzane. Namhlanje, ndiza kwabelana nawe ngemeko yophuhliso kunye nomkhwa weshishini lokukhanyisa izityalo.
Iteknoloji yomthombo wokukhanya okwenziweyo isetyenziswa kakhulu kwicandelo lokukhanyisa izityalo. I-LED ineenzuzo ezininzi ezifana nokusebenza kakuhle kokukhanya, ukuvelisa ubushushu obuphantsi, ubungakanani obuncinci, ubomi obude kunye nezinye iingenelo ezininzi. Ineenzuzo ezicacileyo kwicandelo lokukhanyisa izityalo. Ishishini lokukhanyisa izityalo liya kusebenzisa kancinci izixhobo zokukhanyisa ze-LED zokulima izityalo.

A. Imeko yophuhliso lweshishini lokukhanyisa izibane ze-LED 

Iphakheji ye-1.LED yokukhanyisa izityalo

Kwicandelo lokufakelwa kwezibane ze-LED ezikhulayo, kukho iintlobo ezininzi zezixhobo zokupakisha, kwaye akukho nkqubo imiselweyo yokulinganisa kunye novavanyo oludibeneyo. Ke ngoko, xa kuthelekiswa neemveliso zasekhaya, abavelisi bamanye amazwe bagxila kakhulu kwizikhokelo zamandla aphezulu, i-cob kunye ne-module, bethathela ingqalelo uthotho lokukhanya okumhlophe kokukhanya okukhulayo, becinga ngeempawu zokukhula kwezityalo kunye nendawo yokukhanya eyenziwe ngabantu, banezibonelelo zobugcisa ezinkulu ekuthembekeni, ukusebenza kakuhle kokukhanya, iimpawu zemitha ye-photosynthetic yezityalo ezahlukeneyo kwimijikelo yokukhula eyahlukeneyo, kubandakanya iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezityalo ezinamandla aphezulu, amandla aphakathi kunye namandla aphantsi eemveliso zobukhulu obahlukeneyo, ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zezityalo ezahlukeneyo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zokukhula, belindele ukufezekisa injongo yokwandisa ukukhula kwezityalo kunye nokonga amandla.

Inani elikhulu leepatenti eziphambili zee-chip epitaxial wafers zisesezandleni zeenkampani eziphambili zokuqala ezifana neNichia yaseJapan kunye ne-American Career. Abavelisi bee-chip zasekhaya basenazo iimveliso ezinelungelo elilodwa lomenzi ezinokhuphiswano kwimarike. Kwangaxeshanye, iinkampani ezininzi ziphuhlisa ubuchwepheshe obutsha kwicandelo lee-grow lighting packaging chips. Umzekelo, iteknoloji ye-thin film chip ka-Osram yenza ukuba ii-chips zipakishwe ngokusondeleyo ukuze zenze umphezulu wokukhanya omkhulu. Ngokusekelwe kolu buchwepheshe, inkqubo yokukhanyisa ye-LED esebenza kakuhle enobude obuyi-660nm inokunciphisa i-40% yamandla asetyenziswayo kwindawo yokulima.

2. Khulisa izibane kunye nezixhobo
I-spectrum yokukhanya kwezityalo iyinkimbinkimbi kwaye yahlukahlukene. Izityalo ezahlukeneyo zinomahluko omkhulu kwi-spectra efunekayo kwimijikelo yokukhula eyahlukeneyo nakwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zokukhula. Ukuze kuhlangatyezwane nezi mfuno zahlukeneyo, okwangoku kukho ezi nkqubo zilandelayo kwishishini: ①Iinkqubo ezininzi zokudibanisa ukukhanya kwe-monochromatic. Iispectra ezintathu ezisebenzayo kakhulu kwi-plant photosynthesis ikakhulu yi-spectrum ene-peaks kwi-450nm kunye ne-660nm, i-730nm band yokukhuthaza intyatyambo yezityalo, kunye nokukhanya okuluhlaza kwe-525nm kunye ne-ultraviolet band engaphantsi kwe-380nm. Hlanganisa olu hlobo lwee-spectra ngokweemfuno ezahlukeneyo zezityalo ukwenza i-spectrum efanelekileyo. ②Iskimu se-spectrum epheleleyo yokufezekisa ukugubungela ngokupheleleyo i-spectrum yemfuno yezityalo. Olu hlobo lwe-spectrum oluhambelana ne-SUNLIKE chip emelwe yiSeoul Semiconductor kunye neSamsung lusenokungabi lolona lusebenzayo, kodwa lufanelekile kuzo zonke izityalo, kwaye ixabiso liphantsi kakhulu kunelezisombululo zokudibanisa ukukhanya kwe-monochromatic. ③Sebenzisa isibane esimhlophe esipheleleyo njengesiseko esiphambili, kunye nesibane esibomvu esingama-660nm njengesicwangciso esidibeneyo ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-spectrum. Le nkqubo ingabizi kakhulu kwaye iyasebenza.

Izixhobo zokupakisha ze-LED ezikhanyisa izityalo ezivelisa ukukhanya okufana ne-450nm, 660nm, 730nm) zigutyungelwe ziinkampani ezininzi zasekhaya nezangaphandle, ngelixa iimveliso zasekhaya zahlukile kwaye zineenkcukacha ezininzi, kwaye iimveliso zabavelisi bamanye amazwe zisemgangathweni ngakumbi. Kwangaxeshanye, ngokwe-photosynthetic photon flux, ukusebenza kakuhle kokukhanya, njl.njl., kusekho umsantsa omkhulu phakathi kwabavelisi bokupakisha basekhaya nabangaphandle. Kwizixhobo zokupakisha ukukhanya okufana ne-monochromatic, ukongeza kwiimveliso ezineebhendi eziphambili ze-450nm, 660nm, kunye ne-730nm, abavelisi abaninzi bakwaphuhlisa iimveliso ezintsha kwezinye iibhendi ze-wavelength ukuze bafezekise ukugubungela okupheleleyo kwe-photo-synthetically active radiation (PAR) wavelength (450-730nm).

Izibane zokukhula kwezityalo ze-LED ezinombala omnye azifanelekanga ukukhula kwazo zonke izityalo. Ke ngoko, iingenelo ze-LED ezinombala omnye zigqanyisiwe. I-spectrum epheleleyo kufuneka kuqala ifikelele ekugubungeleni ngokupheleleyo kwe-spectrum epheleleyo yokukhanya okubonakalayo (400-700nm), kwaye yonyuse ukusebenza kwezi bhendi zimbini: ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (470-510nm), ukukhanya okubomvu okunzulu (660-700nm). Sebenzisa i-LED eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka eqhelekileyo okanye i-ultraviolet LED chip ene-phosphor ukuze ufezekise i-spectrum "epheleleyo", kwaye ukusebenza kwayo kwe-photosynthetic kunomgangatho wayo ophezulu nophantsi. Uninzi lwabavelisi bezixhobo zokupakisha ze-LED ezimhlophe zezibane zezityalo basebenzisa i-Blue chip + phosphor ukuze bafezekise i-spectrum epheleleyo. Ukongeza kwindlela yokupakisha yokukhanya okunombala omnye kunye nokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okanye i-ultraviolet chip kunye ne-phosphor ukuze kufezekiswe ukukhanya okumhlophe, izixhobo zokupakisha izibane zezityalo nazo zinendlela yokupakisha edibeneyo esebenzisa ii-chips ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu ze-wavelength, ezifana ne-red ten blue/ultraviolet, RGB, RGBW. Le ndlela yokupakisha ineengenelo ezinkulu ekufiphaleni.

Ngokuphathelele iimveliso ze-LED ezinobude obuncinci, uninzi lwababoneleli bokupakisha banokubonelela abathengi ngeemveliso ezahlukeneyo zobude be-wavelength kwi-365-740nm band. Ngokuphathelele i-spectrum yokukhanyisa izityalo eguqulwa yi-phosphors, uninzi lwabavelisi bokupakisha baneentlobo ngeentlobo ze-spectrum abathengi abanokukhetha kuzo. Xa kuthelekiswa nowama-2016, izinga lokukhula kwentengiso ngo-2017 lifikelele ekwandeni okukhulu. Phakathi kwazo, izinga lokukhula komthombo wokukhanya we-660nm LED ligxile kwi-20%-50%, kwaye izinga lokukhula kwentengiso yomthombo wokukhanya we-LED wesityalo esiguqulwe yi-phosphors lifikelela kwi-50%-200%, oko kukuthi, ukuthengiswa kwemithombo yokukhanya ye-LED yesityalo esiguqulwe yi-phosphors kukhula ngokukhawuleza.

Zonke iinkampani zokupakisha zinokubonelela ngeemveliso zokupakisha eziqhelekileyo ze-0.2-0.9 W kunye ne-1-3 W. Ezi mithombo zokukhanya zivumela abavelisi bokukhanyisa ukuba babe nokuguquguquka okuhle kuyilo lokukhanyisa. Ukongeza, abanye abavelisi bakwabonelela ngeemveliso zokupakisha ezihlanganisiweyo ezinamandla aphezulu. Okwangoku, ngaphezulu kwe-80% yokuthunyelwa kwabaninzi abavelisi yi-0.2-0.9 W okanye i-1-3 W. Phakathi kwazo, ukuthunyelwa kweenkampani eziphambili zokupakisha zamazwe ngamazwe kugxilwe kwi-1-3 W, ngelixa ukuthunyelwa kweenkampani ezincinci neziphakathi zokupakisha kugxilwe kwi-0.2-0.9 W.

3. Amacandelo okusetyenziswa kokukhanya kwezityalo

Kwintsimi yokusetyenziswa, izixhobo zokukhanyisa izityalo zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwizibane zegreenhouse, iifektri zezityalo zokukhanyisa ezenziwe ngokwenziwa, ukulima izicubu zezityalo, ukukhanyisa intsimi yezolimo yangaphandle, imifuno yasekhaya kunye nokutyala iintyatyambo, kunye nophando lwelebhu.

①Kwiindawo zokugcina izityalo zelanga nakwiindawo zokugcina izityalo ezine-span eninzi, umlinganiselo wokukhanya okwenziweyo kokukhanyisa okongeziweyo usephantsi, kwaye izibane ze-metal halide kunye nezibane ze-sodium ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu zezona ziphambili. Izinga lokungena kweenkqubo zokukhanyisa ze-LED liphantsi, kodwa izinga lokukhula liqala ukukhawulezisa njengoko iindleko zihla. Isizathu esiphambili kukuba abasebenzisi banamava exesha elide okusebenzisa izibane ze-metal halide kunye nezibane ze-sodium ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwezibane ze-metal halide kunye nezibane ze-sodium ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu kunokubonelela malunga ne-6% ukuya kwi-8% yamandla obushushu kwi-greenhouse ngelixa kuthintelwa ukutsha kwizityalo. Inkqubo yokukhanyisa i-LED ayiboneleli ngemiyalelo ethile nesebenzayo kunye nenkxaso yedatha, nto leyo eyalibazisa ukusetyenziswa kwayo emini nakwiindawo zokugcina izityalo ezine-span eninzi. Okwangoku, usetyenziso oluncinci lokubonisa luseseyona nto iphambili. Njengoko i-LED ingumthombo wokukhanya okubandayo, inokuba kufutshane kakhulu nophahla lwezityalo, nto leyo ebangela ukuba ingabi negalelo elingakanani kubushushu. Kwiindawo zokugcina izityalo ezine-span eninzi kunye ne-span eninzi, ukukhanya kwe-LED kusetyenziswa kakhulu ekulimeni phakathi kwezityalo.

②Ukusetyenziswa kwentsimi yokulima ngaphandle. Ukungena nokusetyenziswa kwezibane zezityalo kwizolimo zezakhiwo kuye kwacotha kakhulu, ngelixa ukusetyenziswa kweenkqubo zezibane zezityalo ze-LED (ulawulo lwexesha lefoto) kwizityalo zangaphandle ezinexabiso eliphezulu kwezoqoqosho (ezifana ne-dragon fruit) kuye kwaphuhliswa ngokukhawuleza.

③Iifektri zezityalo. Okwangoku, inkqubo yokukhanyisa izityalo ekhawulezayo nesetyenziswa kakhulu yifektri yezityalo zokukhanya ezenziweyo, eyahlulwe kwiifektri zezityalo ezithuthwayo ezisasazwayo ezikwi-centralized multi-layer kunye ne-distributiond transferred plants ngokweendidi. Uphuhliso lweefektri zezityalo zokukhanya ezenziweyo eTshayina lukhawuleza kakhulu. Umbutho ophambili wotyalo-mali lwefektri yezityalo zokukhanya ezenziweyo ezikwi-centralized multi-layer ayisiyiyo iinkampani zezolimo zemveli, kodwa ziinkampani ezininzi ezibandakanyeka kwimveliso ye-semiconductor kunye ne-electronic yabathengi, njengeZhongke San'an, Foxconn, Panasonic Suzhou, Jingdong, kunye neCOFCO kunye neXi Cui kunye nezinye iinkampani zezolimo zanamhlanje. Kwiifektri zezityalo ezisasazwayo nezihambayo, izikhongozeli zokuthumela (izikhongozeli ezintsha okanye ukwakhiwa kwakhona kwezikhongozeli ezisetyenzisiweyo) zisasetyenziswa njengezithwali eziqhelekileyo. Iinkqubo zokukhanyisa izityalo zazo zonke izityalo zokwenziwa zisebenzisa kakhulu iinkqubo zokukhanyisa ezithe tyaba okanye ezithe tyaba, kwaye inani leentlobo ezityaliweyo liyaqhubeka nokwanda. Imithombo eyahlukeneyo yokukhanya ye-LED yefomula yovavanyo iqalile ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi. Iimveliso ezikwimarike ikakhulu zimifuno eluhlaza enamagqabi.

④Ukutyala izityalo zasekhaya. I-LED ingasetyenziswa kwizibane zetafile zezityalo zasekhaya, kwiirakhi zokutyala izityalo zasekhaya, koomatshini bokukhulisa imifuno yasekhaya, njl.

⑤Ukulinywa kwezityalo zamayeza. Ukulinywa kwezityalo zamayeza kubandakanya izityalo ezifana ne-Anoectochilus kunye neLithospermum. Iimveliso kwezi marike zinexabiso eliphezulu kwezoqoqosho kwaye okwangoku zishishini elinezicelo ezininzi zokukhanyisa izityalo. Ukongeza, ukuvunyelwa kokulinywa kwe-cannabis eMntla Melika nakwiindawo ezithile zaseYurophu kukhuthaze ukusetyenziswa kwezibane ze-LED kwicandelo lokulinywa kwe-cannabis.

⑥Izibane zeentyatyambo. Njengesixhobo esibalulekileyo sokulungisa ixesha lokuqhakaza kweentyatyambo kwishishini lokulima iintyatyambo, ukusetyenziswa kokuqala kwezibane zeentyatyambo yayizizibane ezikhanyayo, kulandele izibane ezikhanyayo ezonga amandla. Ngophuhliso lwemizi-mveliso ye-LED, ezinye izixhobo zokukhanyisa iintyatyambo zohlobo lwe-LED ziye zatshintsha kancinci kancinci izibane zemveli.

⑦Ukukhula kwezicubu zezityalo. Imithombo yokukhanya yemveli yokukhula kwezicubu ikakhulu zizibane ezimhlophe ezikhanyayo, ezisebenza kancinci kwaye zivelisa ubushushu obukhulu. Ii-LED zilungele ngakumbi ukukhulisa izicubu zezityalo ngendlela efanelekileyo, elawulekayo nencinci ngenxa yeempawu zazo ezibalaseleyo ezifana nokusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi, ukuvelisa ubushushu obuphantsi kunye nobomi obude. Okwangoku, iityhubhu ze-LED ezimhlophe zithatha indawo yezibane ezimhlophe ezikhanyayo kancinci kancinci.

4. Ukusasazwa kweendawo ngeendawo kweenkampani zokukhanyisa izityalo

Ngokwezibalo, okwangoku kukho iinkampani zokukhanyisa izityalo ezingaphezu kwama-300 kwilizwe lam, kwaye iinkampani zokukhanyisa izityalo kummandla wePearl River Delta zenza ngaphezulu kwe-50%, kwaye sele zikwindawo ephambili. Iinkampani zokukhanyisa izityalo kwiYangtze River Delta zenza malunga ne-30%, kwaye iseyindawo ebalulekileyo yemveliso yeemveliso zokukhanyisa izityalo. Iinkampani zezibane zemveli zisasazwa ikakhulu kwiYangtze River Delta, kwiPearl River Delta nakwiBohai Rim, apho iYangtze River Delta ithatha i-53%, kwaye iPearl River Delta kunye neBohai Rim zenza i-24% kunye ne-22% ngokulandelelana. Iindawo eziphambili zokusasazwa kwabavelisi bezibane zeLED yiPearl River Delta (62%), iYangtze River Delta (20%) kunye neBohai Rim (12%).

B. Inkqubela phambili yoshishino lokukhanyisa izibane ze-LED

1. Ubuchule obukhethekileyo

Izibane ze-LED ezikhulayo zineempawu ze-spectrum ehlengahlengiswayo kunye nokukhanya okunamandla, ukuveliswa kobushushu obuphantsi ngokubanzi, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokungena kwamanzi, ngoko ke kufanelekile ukukhanyisa izityalo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Kwangaxeshanye, utshintsho kwindalo esingqongileyo kunye nokufuna kwabantu umgangatho wokutya kukhuthaze uphuhliso olunamandla lwezolimo kunye neefektri zokukhulisa izityalo, kwaye kukhokelele ishishini lokukhanyisa izityalo ze-LED kwixesha lophuhliso olukhawulezayo. Kwixesha elizayo, izibane ze-LED ezikhulayo ziya kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso yezolimo, ukuphucula ukhuseleko lokutya, kunye nokuphucula umgangatho weziqhamo nemifuno. Umthombo wokukhanya we-LED wokukhanyisa izityalo uya kuphuhliswa ngakumbi ngokugxila kancinci kancinci kweshishini kwaye uhambe kwicala elijolise ngakumbi.

2. Ukusebenza kakuhle kakhulu

Ukuphuculwa kokusebenza kakuhle kokukhanya kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwamandla yeyona nto iphambili ekunciphiseni kakhulu iindleko zokusebenza kokukhanya kwezityalo. Ukusetyenziswa kwee-LED endaweni yezibane zemveli kunye nokulungiswa okuguquguqukayo kunye nokulungiswa kwendawo yokukhanya ngokweemfuno zefomula yokukhanya yezityalo ukusuka kwinqanaba lokuhluma ukuya kwinqanaba lokuvuna ziindlela ezingenakuphepheka zolimo olucociweyo kwixesha elizayo. Ngokuphathelele ukuphucula isivuno, ingalinywa kwizigaba nakwiindawo ezidityaniswe nefomula yokukhanya ngokweempawu zophuhliso lwezityalo ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso kunye nesivuno kwinqanaba ngalinye. Ngokuphathelele ukuphucula umgangatho, ukulawulwa kwesondlo kunye nokulawulwa kokukhanya kungasetyenziselwa ukwandisa umxholo wezondlo kunye nezinye izithako ezisebenzayo zonyango.

Ngokweqikelelo, imfuno yesizwe yangoku yezityalo zemifuno yi-680 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi, ngelixa amandla okuvelisa izityalo zasefektri engaphantsi kwe-10%. Ishishini lezityalo linemfuno ephezulu yokusingqongileyo. Ixesha lemveliso ikakhulu lisebusika nasentwasahlobo. Ukukhanya kwendalo kubuthathaka kwaye kufuneka ukukhanya okongeziweyo okwenziweyo. Ukukhanya kwezityalo kunegalelo elikhulu kunye nemveliso kunye nenqanaba eliphezulu lokwamkelwa kokufakwayo. I-LED ineenzuzo ezikhethekileyo, kuba iziqhamo kunye nemifuno (iitamati, iikomkomere, iivatala, njl.njl.) kufuneka zityalwe, kwaye uluhlu oluthile lokongeza ukukhanya phantsi kweemeko eziphezulu zokufuma lunokukhuthaza ukuphiliswa kwezityalo ezityalwe. Ukukhanya okongeziweyo kokutyala imifuno yegreenhouse kunokulungisa ukungabikho kokukhanya kwendalo, kuphucule ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-photosynthesis yezityalo, kukhuthaze ukuqhakaza kunye nokuchuma, kwandise isivuno, kwaye kuphucule umgangatho wemveliso. Ukukhanya kwezityalo ze-LED kunamathuba amaninzi okusetyenziswa kwizityalo zemifuno kunye nemveliso yegreenhouse.

3. Ubulumko

Ukukhanya kwezityalo ezikhulayo kunesidingo esikhulu sokulawula umgangatho wokukhanya ngexesha langempela kunye nobungakanani bokukhanya. Ngokuphuculwa kwetekhnoloji yokulawula okukrelekrele kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi yezinto, iintlobo ngeentlobo ze-spectrum ze-monochromatic kunye neenkqubo zokulawula ezikrelekrele zinokulawula ixesha, ulawulo lokukhanya, kwaye ngokwemeko yokukhula kwezityalo, ukulungiswa komgangatho wokukhanya kunye nokukhanya okuphumayo kuya kuba yindlela ephambili kuphuhliso lwetekhnoloji yokukhanyisa izityalo kwixesha elizayo.