Chen Tongqiang, njl. Ubuchwephesha bobunjineli bezoLimo bokulima igadi yegreenhouse Ipapashwe eBeijing ngo-17: 30 nge-6 kaJanuwari 2023.

I-rhizosphere elungileyo i-EC kunye nolawulo lwe-pH ziimeko eziyimfuneko ukuze kuphunyezwe isivuno esikhulu setumata kwimowudi yenkcubeko engenamhlaba kwi-greenhouse yeglasi ekrelekrele.Kweli nqaku, itumata yathathwa njengento yokutyala, kwaye i-rhizosphere EC efanelekileyo kunye noluhlu lwe-pH kwizigaba ezahlukeneyo zashwankathelwa, kunye namanyathelo obugcisa olawulo oluhambelanayo kwimeko yokungaqhelekanga, ukwenzela ukunika ireferensi yeyona mveliso yokutyala. greenhouses zeglasi zemveli.

Ngokwezibalo ezingaphelelanga, indawo yokutyala ye-multi-span glass intelligent greenhouses e-China ifikelele kwi-630hm2, kwaye isakhula.I-Glas greenhouse idibanisa izibonelelo ezahlukeneyo kunye nezixhobo, ukudala indawo efanelekileyo yokukhula kwezityalo.Ulawulo olululo lokusingqongileyo, ukunkcenkceshela ngokuchanekileyo kwamanzi kunye nesichumiso, ukusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kokulima kunye nokukhuselwa kwezityalo zizinto ezine eziphambili zokufumana isivuno esiphezulu kunye nomgangatho ophezulu weetumato.Ngokubhekiselele kunkcenkceshelo oluchanekileyo, injongo yalo kukugcina i-rhizosphere EC efanelekileyo, i-pH, umxholo wamanzi we-substrate kunye ne-rhizosphere ion concentration.I-rhizosphere enhle ye-EC kunye ne-pH iyanelisa ukuphuhliswa kweengcambu kunye nokufunxwa kwamanzi kunye nesichumisi, into eyimfuneko efunekayo yokugcina ukukhula kwezityalo, i-photosynthesis, i-transpiration kunye nezinye iindlela zokuziphatha ze-metabolic.Ke ngoko, ukugcinwa kwemekobume yerhizosphere elungileyo yimeko efunekayo ukuze ufumane isivuno esikhulu sezityalo.

Ukungalawuleki kwe-EC kunye ne-pH kwi-rhizosphere kuya kuba nemiphumo engaguqukiyo kumlinganiselo wamanzi, uphuhliso lweengcambu, ukufunxwa kakuhle kweengcambu-isichumiso-ukusilela kwezondlo zesityalo, i-ion ingcambu yogxininiso-isichumiso sokufunxa-ukunqongophala kwezondlo zesityalo njalo njalo.Ukutyala i-tomato kunye nemveliso kwi-glasshouse greenhouse ithatha inkcubeko engenamhlaba.Emva kokuba amanzi kunye nesichumisi zixutywe, ukuhanjiswa okudibeneyo kwamanzi kunye nesichumisi kufezekiswa ngendlela yokulahla iintolo.I-EC, i-pH, i-frequency, ifomula, ubungakanani bolwelo lokubuya kunye nexesha lokuqala lokunkcenkceshela lokunkcenkceshela liya kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo i-rhizosphere EC kunye ne-pH.Kweli nqaku, i-rhizosphere efanelekileyo ye-EC kunye ne-pH kwinqanaba ngalinye lokutyala i-tomato yashwankathelwa, kwaye izizathu ze-rhizosphere engaqhelekanga ye-EC kunye ne-pH zahlaziywa kwaye amanyathelo okulungisa ashwankathelwa, enika ireferensi kunye nereferensi yobugcisa kwimveliso yangempela yeglasi yemveli. iindawo zokugcina izityalo.

I-rhizosphere efanelekileyo EC kunye ne-pH kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo okukhula kwetumata

I-rhizosphere EC ibonakala ikakhulu kwi-ion concentration yezinto eziphambili kwi-rhizosphere.I-empirical calculation formula kukuba isixa se-anion kunye neentlawulo ze-cation zahlulwe ngama-20, kwaye ixabiso eliphezulu, liphezulu i-rhizosphere EC.I-rhizosphere efanelekileyo ye-EC iya kubonelela ngokufanelekileyo kunye ne-uniform element ion concentration yenkqubo yeengcambu.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, ixabiso layo liphantsi (i-rhizosphere EC <2.0mS / cm).Ngenxa yoxinzelelo lokudumba kweeseli zeengcambu, kuya kukhokelela kwimfuno egqithisileyo yokufunxa amanzi ngeengcambu, okukhokelela kumanzi asimahla kwizityalo, kwaye amanzi asimahla asimahla aya kusetyenziselwa ukutshica kwamagqabi, ukwandiswa kweseli-isityalo esingenamsebenzi;Ixabiso layo likwicala eliphezulu (i-rhizosphere yasebusika EC>8 ~ 10mS/cm, i-rhizosphere yasehlotyeni EC>5 ~ 7mS/cm).Ngokunyuka kwe-EC ye-rhizosphere, amandla okufunxa amanzi kwiingcambu ayanelanga, okukhokelela kuxinzelelo lokunqongophala kwamanzi kwezityalo, kwaye kwiimeko ezinzima, izityalo ziya kubuna (Umfanekiso 1).Ngaxeshanye, ukukhuphisana phakathi kwamagqabi neziqhamo emanzini kuyakukhokelela ekwehleni kwesiqulatho samanzi eziqhamo, okuyakuthi kuchaphazele isivuno kunye nomgangatho weziqhamo.Xa i-rhizosphere EC inyuswe ngokuphakathi nge-0 ~ 2mS/cm, inefuthe elihle lokulawula ekwandeni koxinzelelo lweswekile enyibilikayo / isiqulatho esiqinileyo sesiqhamo, uhlengahlengiso lokukhula kwezityalo kunye nokukhula kokuzala, ngoko ke abalimi betumato yecherry ukulandela umgangatho badla ngokufumana irhizosphere ephezulu EC.Kwafunyaniswa ukuba iswekile enyibilikayo yecucumber egxunyekiweyo yayiphezulu kakhulu kunolawulo phantsi kwemeko yokunkcenkceshela kwamanzi anebrackish (3g/L yamanzi anebrackish enziwe ngokwawo enomlinganiselo weNaCl:MgSO4: CaSO4 we-2:2:1) yongezwa kwisisombululo sezondlo).Iimpawu zecherry yaseDutch' Honey' tomatoto kukuba igcina irhizosphere ephezulu EC(8~10mS/cm) kulo lonke ixesha lokulima, kwaye isiqhamo sinomthamo weswekile ephezulu, kodwa isivuno esigqityiweyo sisezantsi kakhulu (5kg/ m2).

I-Rhizosphere pH (unitless) ibhekisa ikakhulu kwi-pH yesisombululo serhizosphere, echaphazela kakhulu imvula kunye nonyibiliko lwe-ion element nganye emanzini, kwaye ke ichaphazela ukusebenza kweyoni nganye efunxwa yinkqubo yeengcambu.Kwizinto ezininzi ze-ion, uluhlu lwayo olufanelekileyo lwe-pH luyi-5.5 ~ 6.5, enokuqinisekisa ukuba i-ion nganye inokufunxwa yinkqubo yeengcambu ngokuqhelekileyo.Ngoko ke, ngexesha lokutyala i-tomato, i-rhizosphere pH kufuneka ihlale igcinwe kwi-5.5 ~ 6.5.Uluhlu loku-1 lubonisa uluhlu lwe-rhizosphere EC kunye nolawulo lwe-pH kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo okukhula kweetumato zeziqhamo ezinkulu.Kwiitumato ezincinci zeziqhamo, ezifana ne-cherry, i-rhizosphere EC kwizigaba ezahlukeneyo yi-0 ~ 1mS / cm ephezulu kune-tomato enkulu yeziqhamo, kodwa zonke zilungelelaniswa ngokwendlela efanayo.

Izizathu ezingaqhelekanga kunye namanyathelo ohlengahlengiso lwe-tomato rhizosphere EC

I-Rhizosphere EC ibhekisa kwi-EC yesisombululo sesondlo esijikeleze inkqubo yeengcambu.Xa i-tomato rock wool ityalwa eHolland, abalimi baya kusebenzisa iisirinji ukufunxa isisombululo sezondlo kuboya bamatye, kwaye iziphumo zimela ngakumbi.Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, imbuyekezo ye-EC isondele kwi-rhizosphere EC, ngoko ke isampula yenqaku lokubuyisela i-EC isoloko isetyenziswa njenge-rhizosphere EC e-China.Ukwahluka kwemini ye-rhizosphere EC ngokubanzi iphakama emva kokuphuma kwelanga, iqala ukuhla kwaye ihlale izinzile kwincopho yokunkcenkceshela, kwaye inyuka ngokucothayo emva kokunkcenkceshela, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 2.

Ezona zizathu zembuyekezo ephezulu ye-EC lizinga lembuyekezo eliphantsi, i-EC yokungena ephezulu kunye nokunkcenkceshela kade.Isixa sokunkcenkceshela kwangolo suku sincinci, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba izinga lokubuyiswa kwamanzi liphantsi.Injongo yokubuyisela ulwelo kukuhlamba ngokupheleleyo i-substrate, ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-rhizosphere EC, umxholo wamanzi we-substrate kunye ne-rhizosphere ion concentration ikwinqanaba eliqhelekileyo, kwaye izinga lokubuyiswa kolwelo liphantsi, kwaye inkqubo yeengcambu ithatha amanzi amaninzi kune-ion elemental, ebonisa ngakumbi ukwanda kweEC.I-inlet ephezulu ye-EC ikhokelela ngokuthe ngqo kwi-EC ephezulu yokubuya.Ngokomgaqo wesithupha, ukubuyisela i-EC yi-0.5 ~ 1.5ms / cm ephezulu kune-EC yokungena.Ukunkcenkceshela kokugqibela kuphelile kwangoko ngaloo mini, kwaye ukukhanya kokukhanya kwakusephezulu (300 ~ 450W / m2) emva kokunkcenkceshela.Ngenxa yokuguquka kwezityalo eziqhutywe yimitha, inkqubo yeengcambu yaqhubeka ithatha amanzi, umxholo wamanzi we-substrate wehla, i-ion concentration yanda, kwaye i-rhizosphere EC yanda.Xa i-rhizosphere EC iphezulu, ubukhulu bemitha buphezulu, kwaye ukufuma kuphantsi, izityalo zijongene noxinzelelo lokunqongophala kwamanzi, olubonakaliswa ngokukrakra njengokubuna (Umfanekiso 1, ekunene).

I-EC ephantsi kwi-rhizosphere ibangwa ikakhulu kumlinganiselo ophezulu wokubuyiswa kolwelo, ukugqityezelwa kade kokunkcenkceshela, kunye ne-EC ephantsi kwisiziba solwelo, okuya kwenza ingxaki ibe mandundu.Ireyithi ephezulu yokubuyisela ulwelo iya kukhokelela ekusondeleni okungapheliyo phakathi kwe-EC ye-inlet kunye ne-EC yokubuyisela.Xa unkcenkceshelo luphela emva kwexesha, ngakumbi ngeentsuku ezinamafu, kunye nokukhanya okuphantsi kunye nokufuma okuphezulu, ukukhula kwezityalo kubuthathaka, umlinganiselo wokufunxa we-ion elemental uphezulu kunowamanzi, kwaye umlinganiselo wokuhla womthamo wamanzi we-matrix ungaphantsi kunoko. yoxinaniso lweion kwisisombululo, nto leyo eya kukhokelela kwi-EC ephantsi yolwelo olubuyayo.Ngenxa yokuba uxinzelelo lokudumba kweeseli zeenwele zeengcambu zesityalo luphantsi kunomthamo wamanzi wesisombululo sezondlo se-rhizosphere, inkqubo yeengcambu ithatha amanzi amaninzi kwaye ibhalansi yamanzi ayilingani.Xa i-transpiration ibuthathaka, isityalo siya kukhutshwa ngendlela yokutshiza amanzi (umzobo 1, ngakwesobunxele), kwaye ukuba izinga lokushisa liphezulu ebusuku, isityalo siya kukhula ngeze.

Imilinganiselo yokulungelelanisa xa i-rhizosphere EC ingaqhelekanga: ① Xa i-EC yokubuyiswa iphezulu, i-EC engenayo kufuneka ibe phakathi koluhlu olufanelekileyo.Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-EC engenayo yeetumato ezinkulu zeziqhamo yi-2.5 ~ 3.5mS/cm ehlotyeni kunye ne-3.5 ~ 4.0mS/cm ebusika.Okwesibini, phucula izinga lokubuyiswa kolwelo, eliphambi kokunkcenkceshela kwesantya esiphezulu emini emaqanda, kwaye uqinisekise ukuba imbuyekezo yolwelo iyenzeka rhoqo kunkcenkceshelo.Izinga lembuyekezo yolwelo linxulunyaniswe kakuhle nokuqokelelwa kwemitha.Ehlotyeni, xa ubushushu bemitha busengaphezulu kwama-450 W/m2 kwaye ubude bexesha bungaphezu kwemizuzu engama-30, umlinganiselo omncinci wokunkcenkceshela (50 ~ 100mL/dripper) kufuneka wongezwe kube kanye, kwaye kungcono ukuba kungabikho manzi abuyayo. kwenzeka ngokwesiseko.② Xa izinga lokubuyiswa kolwelo liphantsi, izizathu eziphambili zizinga eliphezulu lokubuyiswa kolwelo, i-EC ephantsi kunye nokunkcenkceshela kokugqibela.Xa kujongwa ixesha lokugqibela lokunkcenkceshela, ukunkcenkceshela kokugqibela kudla ngokuphela kwi-2 ~ 5h phambi kokutshona kwelanga, kuphele ngeentsuku ezinamafu nobusika ngaphambi kweshedyuli, kwaye kulibaziseka kwiintsuku ezinelanga nasehlotyeni.Lawula ireyithi yembuyekezo yolwelo, ngokungqinelana nokuqokelelwa kwemitha yangaphandle.Ngokuqhelekileyo, izinga lokubuyiswa kolwelo lingaphantsi kwe-10% xa ukuqokelelwa kwemitha kungaphantsi kwe-500J / (cm2.d), kunye ne-10% ~ 20% xa ukuqokelelwa kwe-radiation yi-500 ~ 1000J / (cm2.d), njalo njalo. .

Izizathu ezingaqhelekanga kunye namanyathelo okulungelelaniswa kwe-tomato rhizosphere pH

Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-pH yempembelelo yi-5.5 kunye ne-pH ye-leachate yi-5.5 ~ 6.5 phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo.Izinto ezichaphazela i-rhizosphere pH yifomula, i-culture medium, ireyithi yokuvuza, umgangatho wamanzi njalo njalo.Xa i-pH ye-rhizosphere iphantsi, iya kutshisa iingcambu kwaye inyibilikise i-matrix yoboya be-rock ngokungqongqo, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 3. Xa i-rhizosphere pH iphezulu, ukufunxa kwe-Mn2+, Fe 3+, Mg2+ kunye ne-PO4 3- kuya kuncitshiswa. , okuya kukhokelela ekubeni kwenzeke ukunqongophala kwezinto, ezifana nokunqongophala kwe-manganese okubangelwa yi-rhizosphere ephezulu pH, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 4.

Ngokomgangatho wamanzi, amanzi emvula kunye ne-RO inwebu yokuhluza amanzi aneasidi, kwaye i-pH yotywala obungumama ngokuqhelekileyo yi-3 ~ 4, nto leyo ekhokelela kwi-pH ephantsi yotywala be-inlet.I-potassium hydroxide kunye ne-potassium bicarbonate zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukunyenyisa i-pH yotywala be-inlet.Amanzi amanzi kunye namanzi aphantsi komhlaba ahlala elawulwa yi-nitric acid kunye ne-phosphoric acid ngenxa yokuba ziqulethe i-HCO3-eyi-alkaline.I-pH ye-inlet engaqhelekanga iya kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukubuya kwe-pH, ngoko ke i-pH yokungena efanelekileyo isisiseko sommiselo.Ngokubhekiselele kwi-substrate yokulima, emva kokutyala, i-pH yolwelo olubuyayo lwe-coconut bran substrate isondele kulwelo olungenayo, kwaye i-pH engaqhelekanga yolwelo olungenayo ayisayi kubangela ukuguquguquka okukhulu kwe-rhizosphere pH ngexesha elifutshane ngenxa yolulwelo olungenayo. ipropathi elungileyo yokuthintela ye-substrate.Phantsi kokulinywa koboya bamatye, ixabiso le-pH lolwelo lokubuya emva kobukoloniyali liphezulu kwaye lihlala ixesha elide.

Ngokubhekiselele kwifomula, ngokwamandla ohlukeneyo okufunxa iiyoni ngezityalo, inokohlulwa ibe ziityuwa zeasidi yendalo kunye neetyuwa zealkaline.Ukuthatha i-NO3- njengomzekelo, xa izityalo zithatha i-1mol ye-NO3-, inkqubo yeengcambu iya kukhulula i-1mol ye-OH-, eya kukhokelela ekunyuseni kwe-rhizosphere pH, ngelixa xa inkqubo yeengcambu ithatha i-NH4 +, iya kukhupha i-concentration efanayo. H+, okuya kukhokelela ekunciphiseni kwe-rhizosphere pH.Ke ngoko, i-nitrate yityuwa esisiseko se-physiologically, ngelixa ityuwa ye-ammonium iyityuwa ye-physiologically acidic.Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-potassium sulfate, i-calcium ammonium nitrate kunye ne-ammonium sulfate zizichumisi ze-asidi ye-physiological, i-nitrate ye-potassium kunye ne-nitrate ye-calcium zi-salti ze-alkaline ze-physiological, kunye ne-ammonium nitrate ityuwa engathathi hlangothi.Impembelelo yomlinganiselo wembuyekezo yolwelo kwi-rhizosphere i-pH ibonakaliswa ikakhulu ekugungxuleni kwisisombululo sezondlo se-rhizosphere, kunye ne-abnormal rhizosphere pH ibangelwa kukungalingani kwe-ion concentration kwi-rhizosphere.

Amanyathelo ohlengahlengiso xa i-rhizosphere pH ingaqhelekanga: ① Okokuqala, jonga ukuba i-pH yempembelelo ikuluhlu olufanelekileyo;(2) Xa usebenzisa amanzi aqukethe i-carbonate engaphezulu, njengamanzi omthombo, umbhali wafumanisa ukuba i-pH yempembelelo yayiqhelekile, kodwa emva kokuba ukunkcenkceshela kuphelile ngaloo mini, i-pH yempembelelo ihlolwe kwaye ifunyenwe yanda.Emva kokuhlalutya, isizathu esinokwenzeka kukuba i-pH yonyuswa ngenxa ye-buffer ye-HCO3-, ngoko kuyacetyiswa ukuba kusetyenziswe i-nitric acid njengomlawuli xa usebenzisa amanzi kakuhle njengomthombo wamanzi okunkcenkceshela;(3) Xa uboya belitye busetyenziselwa ukutyala i-substrate, i-pH yesisombululo sokubuya iphezulu ixesha elide kwinqanaba lokuqala lokutyala.Kule meko, i-pH yesisombululo esingenayo kufuneka incitshiswe ngokufanelekileyo ibe yi-5.2 ~ 5.5, kwaye kwangaxeshanye, idosi yetyuwa ye-physiological acid kufuneka inyuswe, kunye ne-calcium ammonium nitrate kufuneka isetyenziswe endaweni ye-calcium nitrate kunye ne-potassium sulfate. isetyenziswe endaweni ye-potassium nitrate.Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba idosi ye-NH4+ ayifanele ibe ngaphezu kwe-1/10 ye-N iyonke kwifomula.Ngokomzekelo, xa i-concentration ye-N iyonke (NO3- + NH4 +) kwimpembelelo yi-20mmol / L, i-NH4 + i-concentration ingaphantsi kwe-2mmol / L, kunye ne-potassium sulfate ingasetyenziselwa endaweni ye-nitrate ye-potassium, kodwa kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ugxininiso lwe-SO4^2-kwimpembelelo yokunkcenkceshela ayikhuthazwa ukuba idlule i-6 ~ 8 mmol / L;(4) Ngokwereyithi yembuyekezo yolwelo, isixa sokunkcenkceshela kufuneka sandiswe ngexesha ngalinye kwaye i-substrate kufuneka ihlanjwe, ngakumbi xa uboya belitye busetyenziselwa ukutyala, ngoko ke i-rhizosphere pH ayinakulungiswa ngokukhawuleza ngexesha elifutshane ngokusebenzisa i-physiological. ityuwa yeasidi, ngoko ke isixa sokunkcenkceshela kufuneka sandiswe ukulungisa i-rhizosphere pH kuluhlu olufanelekileyo ngokukhawuleza.

Isishwankathelo

Uluhlu olufanelekileyo lwe-rhizosphere EC kunye ne-pH sisiseko sokuqinisekisa ukufunxwa okuqhelekileyo kwamanzi kunye nesichumisi ngeengcambu ze-tomato.Amaxabiso angaqhelekanga aya kubangela ukunqongophala kwezondlo zezityalo, ukungalingani kokulinganisela kwamanzi (ukunqongophala kwamanzi uxinzelelo / ukugqithisa kwamanzi akhululekile), ukutshiswa kweengcambu (i-EC ephezulu kunye ne-pH ephantsi) kunye nezinye iingxaki.Ngenxa yokulibaziseka kokungahambi kakuhle kwezityalo okubangelwa yi-rhizosphere engaqhelekanga ye-EC kunye ne-pH, xa ingxaki isenzeka, oko kuthetha ukuba i-rhizosphere EC kunye ne-pH engaqhelekanga yenzekile iintsuku ezininzi, kwaye inkqubo yokubuyela kwesityalo kwisiqhelo iya kuthatha ixesha, elichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo imveliso kunye nomgangatho.Ngoko ke, kubalulekile ukufumanisa i-EC kunye ne-pH yolwelo olungenayo nolubuyiswayo yonke imihla.

ISIPHELO

[Ulwazi olucatshulweyo] uChen Tongqiang, uXu Fengjiao, uMa Tiemin, njl. I-Rhizosphere EC kunye nendlela yokulawula i-pH yenkcubeko ye-tomato engenamhlaba kwi-greenhouse yeglasi [J].Ubuchwephesha bobuNjineli bezoLimo, 2022,42(31):17-20.