UChen Tongqiang, njl. Iteknoloji yobunjineli bezolimo yokulima igadi eluhlaza Ipapashwe eBeijing ngo-17:30 ngoJanuwari 6, 2023.

Ulawulo olufanelekileyo lwe-rhizosphere EC kunye ne-pH ziimeko ezifunekayo ukuze kufunyanwe isivuno esiphezulu setamatisi kwimo yokukhulisa izityalo ezingenamhlaba kwi-greenhouse yeglasi ekrelekrele. Kweli nqaku, itamatisi ithathwe njengento yokutyala, kwaye uluhlu olufanelekileyo lwe-rhizosphere EC kunye ne-pH kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo lushwankathelwe, kunye namanyathelo obuchwepheshe olawulo ahambelanayo xa kukho into engaqhelekanga, ukuze kubonelelwe ngesalathiso semveliso yokutyala yokwenyani kwiindawo zokugcina izityalo zeglasi zemveli.

Ngokwezibalo ezingaphelelanga, indawo yokutyala izityalo zeglasi ezikrelekrele ezine-span ezininzi eTshayina ifikelele kwi-630hm2, kwaye isakhula. I-Glass greenhouse idibanisa izixhobo ezahlukeneyo kunye nezixhobo, idala indawo efanelekileyo yokukhula kwezityalo. Ulawulo olufanelekileyo lokusingqongileyo, ukunkcenkceshela ngokuchanekileyo kwamanzi kunye nesichumisi, ukusebenza ngokuchanekileyo kwezolimo kunye nokukhuselwa kwezityalo zezona zinto zine ziphambili zokufumana isivuno esiphezulu kunye nomgangatho ophezulu weetamatato. Ngokuphathelele ukunkcenkceshela ngokuchanekileyo, injongo yayo kukugcina i-rhizosphere EC efanelekileyo, i-pH, umxholo wamanzi we-substrate kunye noxinzelelo lwe-rhizosphere ion. I-rhizosphere EC elungileyo kunye ne-pH ziyanelisa uphuhliso lweengcambu kunye nokufunxwa kwamanzi kunye nesichumisi, nto leyo eyimfuneko yokugcina ukukhula kwezityalo, i-photosynthesis, ukuphefumla kunye nezinye iindlela zokuziphatha kwe-metabolic. Ke ngoko, ukugcina indawo ye-rhizosphere elungileyo yimeko efunekayo yokufezekisa isivuno esiphezulu sesityalo.

Ukungabikho kolawulo lwe-EC kunye ne-pH kwi-rhizosphere kuya kuba nemiphumo engenakuguqulwa kwibhalansi yamanzi, uphuhliso lweengcambu, ukusebenza kakuhle kokufunxwa kweengcambu-ukungabikho kwezondlo kwizityalo, uxinano lweengcambu-ukufunxwa kwesichumisi-ukungabikho kwezondlo kwizityalo njl. Ukutyala kunye nokuveliswa kweetumato kwi-greenhouse yeglasi kusebenzisa inkcubeko engenamhlaba. Emva kokuba amanzi kunye nesichumisi zixutyiwe, ukuhanjiswa okudibeneyo kwamanzi kunye nesichumisi kwenziwa ngendlela yeentolo eziwisayo. I-EC, i-pH, imvamisa, ifomula, ubungakanani bolwelo olubuyayo kunye nexesha lokuqala lokunkcenkceshela lokunkcenkceshela kuya kuchaphazela ngqo i-rhizosphere EC kunye ne-pH. Kweli nqaku, i-rhizosphere EC efanelekileyo kunye ne-pH kwinqanaba ngalinye lokutyala iitumato zishwankathelwe, kwaye izizathu ze-rhizosphere EC kunye ne-pH ezingaqhelekanga zihlalutywe kwaye amanyathelo okulungisa ashwankathelwe, anike isalathiso kunye nesalathiso sobuchwephesha kwimveliso yokwenyani yezindlu zokugcina iiglasi zemveli.

I-rhizosphere EC kunye ne-pH ezifanelekileyo kumanqanaba okukhula ahlukeneyo kwetamatato

I-rhizosphere EC ibonakala kakhulu kuxinzelelo lwee-ion zezinto eziphambili kwi-rhizosphere. Ifomula yokubala eqinisekisiweyo kukuba isimbuku se-anion kunye neentlawulo ze-cation sahlulwe ngama-20, kwaye okukhona ixabiso liphezulu, kokukhona i-rhizosphere EC iphezulu. I-rhizosphere EC efanelekileyo iya kubonelela ngoxinzelelo lwee-ion ze-element ezifanelekileyo nezilinganayo kwinkqubo yeengcambu.

Ngokubanzi, ixabiso layo liphantsi (i-rhizosphere EC<2.0mS/cm). Ngenxa yoxinzelelo oludumbayo lweeseli zengcambu, iya kukhokelela kwimfuno egqithisileyo yokufunxwa kwamanzi ziingcambu, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni kubekho amanzi amaninzi akhululekileyo kwizityalo, kwaye amanzi akhululekileyo agqithisileyo aya kusetyenziselwa ukutshiza amagqabi, ukukhula kweseli-ukungakhuli kwesityalo; Ixabiso layo liphezulu (i-rhizosphere yasebusika EC>8~10mS/cm, i-rhizosphere yasehlotyeni EC>5~7mS/cm). Ngokunyuka kwe-rhizosphere EC, amandla okufunxwa kwamanzi eengcambu awanelanga, nto leyo ekhokelela ekunqongophaleni kwamanzi kwizityalo, kwaye kwiimeko ezinzima, izityalo ziya kubuna (Umfanekiso 1). Kwangaxeshanye, ukhuphiswano phakathi kwamagqabi neziqhamo ngamanzi luya kukhokelela ekwehleni komthamo wamanzi eziqhamo, nto leyo eya kuchaphazela isivuno kunye nomgangatho weziqhamo. Xa i-rhizosphere EC inyuswe ngokulinganisela nge-0~2mS/cm, inempembelelo entle yokulawula ekwandeni koxinzelelo lweswekile enyibilikayo/umxholo oqinileyo wesiqhamo, ukulungiswa kokukhula kwezityalo kunye nokulinganisela kokukhula kokuzala, ngoko ke abalimi betomato zecherry abalandela umgangatho badla ngokusebenzisa i-rhizosphere EC ephezulu. Kufunyaniswe ukuba iswekile enyibilikayo yekhukhamba edityanisiweyo yayiphezulu kakhulu kuneyolawulo phantsi kwemeko yokunkcenkceshela ngamanzi amdaka (3g/L yamanzi amdaka azenzele wona kunye nomlinganiselo weNaCl:MgSO4: CaSO4 we-2:2:1 wongezwa kwisisombululo sezakhamzimba). Iimpawu zetomato zecherry zeDutch' Honey' kukuba zigcina i-rhizosphere EC ephezulu (8~10mS/cm) kulo lonke ixesha lemveliso, kwaye isiqhamo sinomxholo ophezulu weswekile, kodwa isivuno sesiqhamo esigqityiweyo siphantsi kakhulu (5kg/m2).

I-Rhizosphere pH (engenayunithi) ibhekisa ikakhulu kwi-pH yesisombululo se-rhizosphere, echaphazela kakhulu ukuna kunye nokunyibilika kwe-ion nganye yento emanzini, ize ichaphazele ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-ion nganye efunxwa yinkqubo yengcambu. Kwii-ion ezininzi ze-element, uluhlu lwayo lwe-pH olufanelekileyo yi-5.5 ~ 6.5, enokuqinisekisa ukuba i-ion nganye inokufunxwa yinkqubo yengcambu ngokuqhelekileyo. Ke ngoko, ngexesha lokutyala iitumato, i-rhizosphere pH kufuneka ihlale ikwi-5.5 ~ 6.5. Itheyibhile 1 ibonisa uluhlu lwe-rhizosphere EC kunye nolawulo lwe-pH kwizigaba ezahlukeneyo zokukhula kweetumato ezinkulu. Kwiitumato ezincinci, ezifana neetumato ze-cherry, i-rhizosphere EC kwizigaba ezahlukeneyo iphezulu nge-0 ~ 1mS / cm kuneetumato ezinkulu, kodwa zonke zilungiswa ngokwendlela efanayo.

Izizathu ezingaqhelekanga kunye neendlela zokulungisa i-tomato rhizosphere EC

I-Rhizosphere EC ibhekisa kwi-EC yesisombululo sezakhamzimba esijikeleze inkqubo yeengcambu. Xa uboya belitye letamatato butyalwe eHolland, abalimi baya kusebenzisa iisirinji ukufunxa isisombululo sezakhamzimba kwi-rock wool, kwaye iziphumo zibonakala ngakumbi. Kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo, i-EC yokubuyisela isondele kwi-rhizosphere EC, ngoko ke i-sample point return EC idla ngokusetyenziswa njenge-rhizosphere EC eTshayina. Utshintsho lwe-rhizosphere EC lwemihla ngemihla lukhula emva kokuphuma kwelanga, luqala ukwehla kwaye luhlala luzinzile kwincopho yokunkcenkceshela, kwaye lukhula kancinci emva kokunkcenkceshela, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 2.

Izizathu eziphambili zokufumana i-EC ephezulu ziziphumo eziphantsi, i-EC ephezulu yokungena kunye nokunkcenkceshela emva kwexesha. Ubungakanani bokunkcenkceshela ngaloo mini incinci, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba iziphumo zolulwelo ziphantsi. Injongo yokubuyisela ulwelo kukuhlamba ngokupheleleyo i-substrate, ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-rhizosphere EC, umxholo wamanzi we-substrate kunye noxinzelelo lwe-ion ye-rhizosphere zikwinqanaba eliqhelekileyo, kwaye izinga lokubuyela kolwelo liphantsi, kwaye inkqubo yeengcambu ifunxa amanzi amaninzi kunee-ion ze-elemental, nto leyo ebonisa ukwanda kwe-EC. I-EC ephezulu yokungena ikhokelela ngokuthe ngqo kwi-EC ephezulu yokubuya. Ngokomthetho wesithupha, i-EC yokubuya ingaphezulu nge-0.5 ~ 1.5ms / cm ngaphezu kwe-EC yokungena. Ukunkcenkceshela kokugqibela kwaphela ngaphambili ngaloo mini, kwaye amandla okukhanya ayephezulu (300 ~ 450W / m2) emva kokunkcenkceshela. Ngenxa yokuphefumla kwezityalo eziqhutywa yimitha, inkqubo yeengcambu yaqhubeka nokufunxa amanzi, umxholo wamanzi we-substrate wehla, uxinzelelo lwe-ion lwanda, kwaye emva koko i-rhizosphere EC yanda. Xa i-rhizosphere EC iphezulu, amandla emitha ephezulu, kwaye ukufuma kuphantsi, izityalo zijongene noxinzelelo lokunqongophala kwamanzi, olubonakala kakhulu njengokubuna (Umfanekiso 1, ekunene).

I-EC ephantsi kwi-rhizosphere ibangelwa ikakhulu yizinga eliphezulu lokubuyela kolwelo, ukugqitywa kade kokunkcenkceshela, kunye ne-EC ephantsi kwi-liquid inlet, nto leyo eya kwenza ingxaki ibe mandundu. Izinga eliphezulu lokubuyela kolwelo liya kukhokelela ekubeni kubekho ukusondelana okungapheliyo phakathi kwe-EC yokungena kunye ne-EC yokubuya. Xa ukunkcenkceshela kuphela kade, ingakumbi kwiintsuku ezinamafu, kudibene nokukhanya okuncinci kunye nokufuma okuphezulu, ukuphefumla kwezityalo kubuthathaka, umlinganiselo wokufunxa wee-elemental ions uphezulu kunowamanzi, kwaye umlinganiselo wokuncipha komxholo wamanzi we-matrix uphantsi kunowoxinzelelo lwee-ion kwisisombululo, nto leyo eya kukhokelela kwi-EC ephantsi yolwelo lokubuyela. Ngenxa yokuba uxinzelelo lokudumba kweeseli zeenwele zeengcambu zezityalo luphantsi kunomthamo wamanzi wesisombululo sezakhamzimba se-rhizosphere, inkqubo yeengcambu ifunxa amanzi amaninzi kwaye ibhalansi yamanzi ayilingani. Xa ukuphefumla kubuthathaka, isityalo siya kukhutshwa ngendlela yamanzi atshizayo (umfanekiso 1, ekhohlo), kwaye ukuba ubushushu buphezulu ebusuku, isityalo siya kukhula ngaphandle kwesizathu.

Uhlengahlengiso lulinganisa xa i-rhizosphere EC ingaqhelekanga: ① Xa i-EC yokubuya iphezulu, i-EC engenayo kufuneka ibe ngaphakathi koluhlu olufanelekileyo. Ngokubanzi, i-EC engenayo yeetumato ezinkulu zeziqhamo yi-2.5~3.5mS/cm ehlotyeni kunye ne-3.5~4.0mS/cm ebusika. Okwesibini, phucula izinga lokubuyela kolwelo, elingaphambi kokunkcenkceshela rhoqo emini, kwaye uqinisekise ukuba ukubuya kolwelo kwenzeka rhoqo xa kunkcenkceshelwa. Izinga lokubuyela kolwelo lihambelana kakuhle nokuqokelelwa kwemitha. Ehlotyeni, xa amandla emitha asengaphezulu kwe-450 W/m2 kwaye ubude bungaphezulu kwemizuzu engama-30, inani elincinci lokunkcenkceshela (50~100mL/dripper) kufuneka longezwe ngesandla kube kanye, kwaye kungcono ukuba kungabikho ukubuya kolwelo okwenzekayo ngokusisiseko. ② Xa izinga lokubuyela kolwelo liphantsi, izizathu eziphambili zizinga lokubuyela kolwelo eliphezulu, i-EC ephantsi kunye nokunkcenkceshela kokugqibela. Ngenxa yexesha lokugqibela lokunkcenkceshela, ukunkcenkceshela kokugqibela kudla ngokuphela iiyure ezi-2-5 ngaphambi kokutshona kwelanga, kuphele ngeentsuku ezinamafu nasebusika ngaphambi kwexesha elicwangcisiweyo, kwaye kubambezeleke ngeentsuku ezinelanga nasehlotyeni. Lawula izinga lokubuyela kolwelo, ngokwengqokelela yemitha yangaphandle. Ngokubanzi, izinga lokubuyela kolwelo lingaphantsi kwe-10% xa ingqokelela yemitha ingaphantsi kwe-500J/(cm2.d), kunye ne-10%~20% xa ingqokelela yemitha ingaphantsi kwe-500~1000J/(cm2.d), njalo njalo.

Izizathu ezingaqhelekanga kunye neendlela zokulinganisa i-pH yetamatisi

Ngokubanzi, i-pH ye-influent yi-5.5 kwaye i-pH ye-leachate yi-5.5 ~ 6.5 phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo. Izinto ezichaphazela i-rhizosphere pH yifomyula, i-culture medium, izinga le-leachate, umgangatho wamanzi njalo njalo. Xa i-rhizosphere pH iphantsi, iya kutshisa iingcambu kwaye inyibilikise i-rock wool matrix kakhulu, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 3. Xa i-rhizosphere pH iphezulu, ukufunxwa kwe-Mn2+, i-Fe 3+, i-Mg2+ kunye ne-PO4 3- kuya kuncipha, okuya kukhokelela ekuveleni kokungabikho kwezinto, njengokungabikho kwe-manganese okubangelwa yi-rhizosphere pH ephezulu, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 4.

Ngokuphathelele umgangatho wamanzi, amanzi emvula kunye namanzi okucoca i-RO membrane ane-asidi, kwaye i-pH yotywala obungumama ngokubanzi yi-3 ~ 4, nto leyo ekhokelela kwi-pH ephantsi yotywala obungena. I-potassium hydroxide kunye ne-potassium bicarbonate zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukulungisa i-pH yotywala obungena. Amanzi e-Well kunye namanzi angaphantsi komhlaba adla ngokulawulwa yi-nitric acid kunye ne-phosphoric acid kuba aqulethe i-HCO3-eyi-alkaline. I-pH yokungena engaqhelekanga iya kuchaphazela ngqo i-pH yokubuya, ngoko ke i-pH yokungena efanelekileyo sisiseko solawulo. Ngokuphathelele i-substrate yokulima, emva kokutyala, i-pH yolwelo olubuyayo lwe-coconut bran substrate isondele kweyolwelo olungenayo, kwaye i-pH engaqhelekanga yolwelo olungenayo ayizukubangela ukuguquguquka okukhulu kwe-rhizosphere pH ngexesha elifutshane ngenxa yepropathi elungileyo yokukhusela ye-substrate. Phantsi kokulima uboya belitye, ixabiso le-pH lolwelo olubuyayo emva kokuhlala liphezulu kwaye lihlala ixesha elide.

Ngokwefomyula, ngokwendlela eyahlukileyo yokufunxa ii-ions zizityalo, ingahlulwa ibe ziityuwa ze-acid zomzimba kunye neetyuwa ze-alkaline zomzimba. Ukuthatha i-NO3- njengomzekelo, xa izityalo zifunxa i-1mol ye-NO3-, inkqubo yeengcambu iya kukhupha i-1mol ye-OH-, eya kukhokelela ekwandeni kwe-rhizosphere pH, ngelixa xa inkqubo yeengcambu ifunxa i-NH4+, iya kukhupha uxinzelelo olufanayo lwe-H+, oluya kukhokelela ekwehleni kwe-rhizosphere pH. Ke ngoko, i-nitrate yityuwa esisiseko yomzimba, ngelixa ityuwa ye-ammonium yityuwa ene-acid emzimbeni. Ngokubanzi, i-potassium sulfate, i-calcium ammonium nitrate kunye ne-ammonium sulfate zizichumisi ze-acid zomzimba, i-potassium nitrate kunye ne-calcium nitrate ziityuwa ze-alkaline zomzimba, kwaye i-ammonium nitrate yityuwa engathathi cala. Impembelelo yesantya sokubuya kolwelo kwi-rhizosphere pH ibonakala kakhulu ekuhlanjweni kwesisombululo sezakhamzimba se-rhizosphere, kwaye i-rhizosphere pH engaqhelekanga ibangelwa kukuxinana kwee-ion ezingalinganiyo kwi-rhizosphere.

Ukulinganisa xa i-rhizosphere pH ingaqhelekanga: ① Okokuqala, jonga ukuba i-pH ye-influent ikuluhlu olufanelekileyo na; (2) Xa usebenzisa amanzi ane-carbonate engaphezulu, njengamanzi e-source, umbhali wakha wafumanisa ukuba i-pH ye-influent yayiqhelekile, kodwa emva kokuba ukunkcenkceshela kuphelile ngaloo mini, i-pH ye-influent yajongwa yaza yafunyaniswa ukuba inyukile. Emva kohlalutyo, isizathu esinokwenzeka yayikukuba i-pH yonyukile ngenxa ye-buffer ye-HCO3-, ngoko ke kucetyiswa ukusebenzisa i-nitric acid njengomlawuli xa usebenzisa amanzi e-source njengomthombo wamanzi okunkcenkceshela; (3) Xa uboya belitye busetyenziswa njenge-substrate yokutyala, i-pH yesisombululo sokubuya iphezulu ixesha elide kwinqanaba lokuqala lokutyala. Kule meko, i-pH yesisombululo esingenayo kufuneka incitshiswe ngokufanelekileyo ibe yi-5.2 ~ 5.5, kwaye kwangaxeshanye, umthamo wetyuwa ye-physiological acid kufuneka unyuswe, kwaye kufuneka kusetyenziswe i-calcium ammonium nitrate endaweni ye-calcium nitrate kwaye kufuneka kusetyenziswe i-potassium sulfate endaweni ye-potassium nitrate. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba umthamo we-NH4+ akufuneki udlule i-1/10 ye-N iyonke kwifomyula. Umzekelo, xa uxinano lwe-N iyonke (NO3- +NH4+) kwi-influent luyi-20mmol/L, uxinano lwe-NH4+ lungaphantsi kwe-2mmol/L, kwaye i-potassium sulfate ingasetyenziswa endaweni ye-potassium nitrate, kodwa kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba uxinano lwe-SO4^2-kwifuthe lokunkcenkceshela akukhuthazwa ukuba kudlule i-6~8 mmol/L; (4) Ngokuphathelele izinga lokubuyisela ulwelo, ubungakanani bokunkcenkceshela kufuneka bunyuswe ngalo lonke ixesha kwaye i-substrate kufuneka ihlanjwe, ingakumbi xa kusetyenziswa uboya belitye ukutyala, ukuze i-rhizosphere pH ingakwazi ukulungiswa ngokukhawuleza ngexesha elifutshane ngokusebenzisa ityuwa ye-physiological acid, ngoko ke ubungakanani bokunkcenkceshela kufuneka bunyuswe ukuze kulungiswe i-rhizosphere pH ibe kuluhlu olufanelekileyo ngokukhawuleza.

Isishwankathelo

Uluhlu olufanelekileyo lwe-rhizosphere EC kunye ne-pH lusisiseko sokuqinisekisa ukufunxwa okuqhelekileyo kwamanzi kunye nesichumiso ziingcambu zetamatato. Amaxabiso angaqhelekanga aya kukhokelela ekuswelekeni kwezondlo kwizityalo, ukungalingani kokulinganisela kwamanzi (uxinzelelo lokunqongophala kwamanzi/amanzi akhululekileyo kakhulu), ukutsha kweengcambu (i-EC ephezulu kunye ne-pH ephantsi) kunye nezinye iingxaki. Ngenxa yokulibaziseka kokungaqhelekanga kwezityalo okubangelwa yi-rhizosphere EC kunye ne-pH engaqhelekanga, xa ingxaki ivele, kuthetha ukuba i-rhizosphere EC kunye ne-pH engaqhelekanga zenzekile kangangeentsuku ezininzi, kwaye inkqubo yokubuyela kwesityalo esiqhelekileyo iya kuthatha ixesha, nto leyo echaphazela ngokuthe ngqo imveliso kunye nomgangatho. Ke ngoko, kubalulekile ukubona i-EC kunye ne-pH yolwelo olungenayo nolubuyisiweyo yonke imihla.

ISIPHELO

[Ulwazi olukhankanyiweyo] Chen Tongqiang, Xu Fengjiao, Ma Tiemin, njl. Indlela yokulawula iRhizosphere EC kunye ne-pH yokulima itamatato ngaphandle komhlaba kwiglasi eluhlaza [J]. Agricultural Engineering Technology, 2022,42(31):17-20.