Umbhali: Changji Zhou, Hongbo Li, njl.

Umthombo weNqaku: Ubuchwepheshe boBunjineli bezoLimo lweGreenhouse Horticulture

Esi sisiseko sovavanyo seHaidian District Agricultural Science Institute, kunye neHaidian Agricultural High-tech Exhibition and Science Park. Ngo-2017, umbhali wakhokela ukwaziswa kwegreenhouse yeplastiki yovavanyo lwefilimu ene-insulation ephezulu yobushushu evela eMzantsi Korea. Okwangoku, uMlawuli uZheng uyiguqule yaba yigreenhouse yemveliso yestrawberry edibanisa umboniso wetekhnoloji, ukubona iindawo kunye nokukha, ukuzonwabisa kunye nokuzonwabisa. Ibizwa ngokuba yi "5G Cloud Strawberry", kwaye ndiza kukusa kunye ukuze niyibone.

Ukutyala iStrawberry Greenhouse kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo kwindawo

Ishelufu yestrawberry ephakanyiswayo kunye nenkqubo yokuxhoma

Indawo yokulima kunye nendlela yokulima

Indawo yokulima igxininisa unikezelo lwamanzi kunye nokutsalwa kwamanzi ezantsi kwendawo yokulima, kwaye umphetho uphakanyiswa ngaphandle embindini womphezulu osezantsi wendawo yokulima kwicala elide (ukusuka ngaphakathi kwendawo yokulima, kwenziwa umngxuma osezantsi ezantsi). Unikezelo lwamanzi oluphambili kwindawo yokulima lubekwe ngqo kule ndawo isezantsi, kwaye amanzi aphuma kwindawo yokulima nawo aqokelelwa kule ndawo ngokulinganayo, aze ekugqibeleni akhutshwe kwelinye icala lendawo yokulima.

Iingenelo zokutyala amaqunube ngembiza yokulima kukuba umzantsi wembiza yokulima wahlulwe kumphezulu ongaphantsi kwendawo yokulima, kwaye i-aquifer ephezulu ayizukubakho kwinxalenye esezantsi ye-substrate, kwaye umoya opheleleyo we-substrate uphucukile; Iya kusasazeka ngokuhamba kwamanzi okunkcenkceshela; okwesithathu, akuyi kubakho kuvuza xa i-substrate ifakiwe kwimbiza yokulima, kwaye ishelufu yokulima icocekile kwaye intle iyonke. Ingxaki yale ndlela kukuba ukunkcenkceshela ngamaconsi kunye nokutyala imbiza yokulima kwandisa utyalo-mali ekwakheni izixhobo.

Izithuba zokukhulisa kunye neembiza

Inkqubo yokuxhoma kunye nokuphakamisa i-rack yokulima

Inkqubo yokuxhoma nokuphakamisa ishelufu yokulima iyafana naleyo yeshelufu yokulima yokuphakamisa istrawberry yendabuko. Ibhakethi yokuxhoma yesloti yokulima ijikeleza isloti yokulima, kwaye iqhagamshela ibhakethi yokuxhoma kunye nevili elijikayo ngesikrufu sebhasikithi yeentyatyambo esinobude obuhlengahlengiswayo (esetyenziselwa ukulungisa ukuhambelana kokuphakama kokufakwa kwesloti yokulima). Kwi-chord esezantsi, elinye icala lijikelezwe kwivili eliqhagamshelwe kwi-drive shaft ye-motor reducer.

Inkqubo yokuxhoma ishelufu yokulima

Ngokusekelwe kwinkqubo yokuxhoma iyonke, ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno zesimo esikhethekileyo sendawo yokulima kunye neemfuno zokubonisa indawo, ezinye izixhobo kunye nezibonelelo ezenziwe ngokwezifiso nazo ziyilwe ngendlela entsha apha.

(1) I-hanger yeshelufu yokulima. I-buckle yokuxhoma yeshelufu yokulima kuqala yi-buckle evaliweyo, eyenziwe ngokugoba nokuwelda ucingo lwentsimbi. Icandelo elinqamlezileyo lenxalenye nganye ye-buckle yokuxhoma liyafana, kwaye iimpawu zoomatshini ziyafana; Icandelo elisezantsi le-slot likwasebenzisa ukugoba okulinganayo kwe-semi-circular; elesithathu kukugoba umbindi we-buckle kwi-engile ebukhali, kwaye i-buckle ephezulu ixhunyelwe ngqo kwindawo yokugoba, engagcini nje ngokuqinisekisa iziko elizinzileyo lomxhuzulane we-slot yokulima, kodwa ikwangenzeki ukuguquka kwecala, kwaye ikwaqinisekisa ukuba i-buckle ixhunyelwe ngokuthembekileyo kwaye ayiyi kutyibilika kwaye iphume.

Ibhoko leshelufu yokulima

(2) Intambo yokuxhoma yokhuseleko. Ngokwesiseko senkqubo yokuxhoma yendabuko, iseti eyongezelelweyo yenkqubo yokuxhoma yokhuseleko ifakelwa rhoqo emva kwe-6m kubude bendawo yokulima. Iimfuneko zenkqubo yokuxhoma yokhuseleko eyongezelelweyo, okokuqala, kukuba isebenze ngokuchanekileyo nenkqubo yokuxhoma yokuqhuba; okwesibini, ukuba nomthamo owaneleyo wokuthwala. Ukuze kufezekiswe ezi mfuno zingentla, iseti yenkqubo yokuxhoma yesixhobo sokujija intwasahlobo iyilwe kwaye ikhethwe ukuze irhoxise intambo yokuxhoma yendawo yokulima. I-spring winder icwangciswe ngaxeshanye nentambo yokuxhoma yokuqhuba, kwaye ixhonywe kwaye incamathele kwi-chord esezantsi ye-greenhouse truss.

Inkqubo yoKhuseleko eyongezelelweyo yokuSusa

Izixhobo zokuvelisa ezincedisayo zerack yokulima

(1) Inkqubo yokubhala amakhadi ezityalo. Inkqubo yokubhala amakhadi ezityalo ekhankanyiweyo apha yenziwe ngamacandelo amabini: ibracket yokubhala amakhadi ezityalo kunye nentambo yesilivere enemibala. Phakathi kwazo, ibracket yokubhala amakhadi ezityalo yindibano eyenziwe yikhadi eligobileyo eligobileyo neliyimilo ka-U kunye nekhadi eliyimilo ka-U elineentonga eziphindwe kabini. Isiqingatha esisezantsi nesingasezantsi sekhadi eligobileyo eliyimilo ka-U lihambelana nobukhulu bangaphandle bendawo yokulima, kwaye lijikeleze indawo yokulima ukusuka ezantsi; emva kokuba amasebe alo amabini egqithe indawo evulekileyo yendawo yokulima, yenza igophe ukudibanisa iintonga eziphindwe kabini, kwaye ikwadlala indima yokuthintela ukuguquka kokuvulwa kwendawo yokulima; yigophe elincinci eliyimilo ka-U elijijekileyo phezulu, elisetyenziselwa ukulungisa intambo yokwahlula amagqabi eziqhamo eestrawberry; inxalenye ephezulu yekhadi eliyimilo ka-U yigophe eliyimilo ka-W lokulungisa amasebe estrawberry kunye nentambo yokukama amagqabi. Ikhadi eligobileyo eliyimilo ka-U kunye nentonga ephindwe kabini zonke zenziwe ngokugoba ucingo lwentsimbi olugobileyo.

Intambo yokwahlula amagqabi eziqhamo isetyenziselwa ukuqokelela amasebe kunye namagqabi estrawberry ngaphakathi kobubanzi bokuvula kwendawo yokulima, kunye nokuxhoma isiqhamo sestrawberry ngaphandle kwendawo yokulima, okungelulanga nje kuphela ukuvunwa kweziqhamo, kodwa kukhusela istrawberry ekutshizweni ngokuthe ngqo ngamayeza angamanzi, kwaye kunokuphucula umgangatho wokuhombisa wokutyalwa kwestrawberry.

Inkqubo yokulungisa izityalo

(2) irakhi etyheli ehambayo. Irakhi etyheli ehambayo yenzelwe ngokukodwa, oko kukuthi, ipali ethe nkqo yokuxhoma iibhodi ezityheli neziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka idityaniswe kwi-tripod, enokubekwa ngqo kumgangatho wegreenhouse kwaye ingashukunyiswa nangaliphi na ixesha.

(3) Isithuthi sokukhusela izityalo esiziqhuba ngokwaso. Esi sithuthi sinokuxhotyiswa ngesitshizi sokukhusela izityalo, oko kukuthi, isitshizi sokuqhuba ngokuzenzekelayo, esinokwenza imisebenzi yokukhusela izityalo ngaphandle kwabasebenzi ngaphakathi ngokwendlela ecwangcisiweyo yikhompyutha, enokukhusela impilo yabasebenzi begreenhouse.

izixhobo zokukhusela izityalo

Inkqubo yokubonelela ngezondlo kunye nokunkcenkceshela

Inkqubo yokubonelela ngesisombululo sezondlo kunye nokunkcenkceshela kule projekthi yahlulwe yangamacandelo amathathu: enye yinxalenye yokulungiselela amanzi acacileyo; eyesibini yinkqubo yokunkcenkceshela kunye nokuchumisa istrawberry; eyesithathu yinkqubo yokuphinda usebenzise ulwelo lokulima istrawberry. Izixhobo zokulungiselela amanzi acacileyo kunye nenkqubo yesisombululo sezondlo zibizwa ngokuba yintloko yokunkcenkceshela, kwaye izixhobo zokubonelela nokubuyisela amanzi kwizityalo zibizwa ngokuba zizixhobo zokunkcenkceshela.

Inkqubo yokubonelela ngezondlo kunye nokunkcenkceshela

Umphambili wokunkcenkceshela

Izixhobo zokulungiselela amanzi acocekileyo kufuneka zixhotyiswe ngezihluzo zesanti kunye negrabile ukususa isanti, kunye nezixhobo zokuthambisa amanzi ukususa ityuwa. Amanzi acocekileyo ahluziweyo nathambileyo agcinwa kwitanki yokugcina ukuze asetyenziswe kamva.

Izixhobo zokumisela isisombululo sezakhamzimba ngokubanzi ziquka iitanki ezintathu zezinto eziluhlaza ze-A kunye ne-B fertilizers, kunye netanki ye-asidi yokulungisa i-pH, kunye neseti yabaxubi bezichumisi. Ngexesha lokusebenza, isisombululo sesitokhwe kwiitanki ze-A, B kunye netanki ye-asidi sicwangciswa kwaye sixutywe ngokulinganayo ngumatshini wezichumisi ngokwefomula emiselweyo yokwenza isisombululo sezakhamzimba esiluhlaza, kwaye isisombululo sezakhamzimba esiluhlaza esicwangciswe ngumatshini wezichumisi sigcinwa kwitanki yokugcina isisombululo sesitokhwe ukuze sime.

Izixhobo zokulungiselela isisombululo sesondlo

Ukubonelela ngamanzi kunye nenkqubo yokubuyisela ukutyala amasitrobheli

Inkqubo yokubonelela ngamanzi kunye nokubuyisela ukutyala amasitrobheli isebenzisa indlela yokubonelela ngamanzi kunye nokubuyisela kwelinye icala lendawo yokulima. Ekubeni indawo yokulima isebenzisa indlela yokuphakamisa nokuxhoma, kusetyenziswa iindlela ezimbini zokubonelela ngamanzi kunye nemibhobho yokubuyisela yendawo yokulima: enye yipayipi eqinileyo; enye yipayipi eguquguqukayo ehamba phezulu nasezantsi nendawo yokulima. Ngexesha lokunkcenkceshela kunye nokuchumisa, unikezelo lolwelo oluvela kwitanki yamanzi ecacileyo kunye netanki yokugcina ulwelo eluhlaza luthunyelwa kumatshini odibeneyo wamanzi kunye nesichumisi ukuze kuxutywe ngokwemilinganiselo ebekiweyo (indlela elula ingasebenzisa isixhobo sokufaka isichumisi esilinganayo, njengeVenturi, njl.njl., esinokusebenza ngamandla okanye singaqhutywa ngamandla) size sithunyelwe phezulu kwe-hanger yokulima ngepayipi ephambili yokuhambisa amanzi (ipayipi ephambili yokuhambisa amanzi ifakwe kwi-greenhouse truss ecaleni kwe-greenhouse), kwaye ipayipi yerabha eguquguqukayo ikhokela amanzi okunkcenkceshela ukusuka kumbhobho ophambili wokuhambisa amanzi ukuya esiphelweni se-rack nganye yokulima, emva koko iqhagamshelwe kumbhobho weseti yokuhambisa amanzi kwindawo yokulima. Imibhobho yamanzi kwindawo yokulima ibekwe kubude bendawo yokulima, kwaye endleleni, imibhobho yokunkcenkceshela iqhagamshelwe ngokwendawo yokulungiselela imbiza yokulima, kwaye izondlo zithotywa phakathi kwembiza yokulima ngemibhobho yokunkcenkceshela. Isisombululo sezondlo esigqithisileyo esikhutshwa kwi-substrate sitsalelwa kwindawo yokulima ngomngxuma wokukhupha amanzi ezantsi kwembiza yokulima kwaye siqokelelwe kumngxuma wokukhupha amanzi ezantsi kwendawo yokulima. Lungisa ubude bokufakelwa kwendawo yokulima ukuze wenze ukuhamba rhoqo ukusuka kwelinye icala ukuya kwelinye. Kwiindawo ezithambekileyo, ulwelo lokubuyisela amanzi oluqokelelwe ezantsi kwendawo luya kuqokelelana ekugqibeleni kwisiphelo sendawo. Kuvulwa umngxuma ekupheleni kwendawo yokulima ukuze kuqhagamshelwe itanki yokudibanisa yolwelo lokubuyisela amanzi, kwaye umbhobho wokubuyisela amanzi uqhagamshelwe phantsi kwetanki yokuqokelela, kwaye ulwelo lokubuyisela amanzi oluqokelelweyo ekugqibeleni luqokelelwe kwaye lukhutshwe kwitanki yokubuyisela amanzi.

Inkqubo yokubonelela ngamanzi okunkcenkceshela kunye nokubuyisela amanzi

Ukusetyenziswa kolwelo olubuyayo

Olu lwelo lokubuyisela amanzi olusetyenziswa kwi-greenhouse alusebenzisi indlela yokujikeleza evaliweyo yenkqubo yokuvelisa amasitrobheli, kodwa luqokelela ulwelo lokubuyisela amanzi oluvela kwindawo yokutyala amasitrobheli kwaye lulusebenzise ngqo ukutyala imifuno yokuhombisa. Indawo efanayo yokukhulisa ubude obumiselweyo njengokulima amasitrobheli ibekwe kwiindonga ezine ezisemacaleni kwendlu eluhlaza, kwaye indawo yokukhulisa izaliswe yi-substrate yokukhulisa imifuno yokuhombisa. Ulwelo lokubuyisela amasitrobheli lunkcenkceshelwa ngqo kule mifuno yokuhombisa, lusebenzisa amanzi acocekileyo kwitanki yokugcina ukunkcenkceshela imihla ngemihla. Ukongeza, unikezelo lwamanzi kunye nemibhobho yokubuyisela amanzi kwindawo yokukhulisa idityaniswe ibe yinto enye kuyilo lwemibhobho yokubonelela ngamanzi kunye neyokubuyisela amanzi. Indlela yokunkcenkceshela emanzini iyasetyenziswa kwindawo yokukhulisa. Ngexesha lonikezelo lwamanzi, ivalvu yombhobho wokuhambisa amanzi iyavulwa kwaye ivalvu yombhobho wokubuyisela ivaliwe. Ivalvu yombhobho ivaliwe kwaye ivalvu yokukhupha amanzi ivuliwe. Le ndlela yokunkcenkceshela igcina imibhobho yesebe yokuhambisa amanzi kunye nemibhobho engaphantsi kwindawo yokukhulisa, igcina utyalo-mali, kwaye ngokusisiseko ayinampembelelo kwimveliso yemifuno yokuhombisa.

Ukukhulisa imifuno yokuhombisa kusetyenziswa ulwelo olubuyayo

Indlu yokukhulisa izityalo kunye nezibonelelo ezixhasayo

Le ndlu iluhlaza yangeniswa ngokupheleleyo ivela eMzantsi Korea ngo-2017. Ubude bayo buyi-47m, ububanzi buyi-23m, kwaye indawo iyonke yi-1081 m.² . Ububanzi bendlu eluhlaza buyi-7m, i-bay yi-3m, ukuphakama kwe-eves yi-4.5m, kwaye ukuphakama kwe-ridge yi-6.4m, kunye ne-span ezi-3 kunye ne-bays ezili-15. Ukuze kuphuculwe ubushushu bendlu eluhlaza, kubekwe i-1m ububanzi be-insulation corridor ejikeleze indlu eluhlaza, kwaye kuyilwe ikhethini yobushushu engaphakathi enamaleko amabini. Ngexesha lokuguqulwa kwesakhiwo, ii-chords ezithe tye phezulu kweekholamu phakathi kwe-span zendlu eluhlaza yokuqala zatshintshwa nge-truss beams.

Ulwakhiwo lwendlu eluhlaza

Ukuhlaziywa kwenkqubo yokukhusela ubushushu yendlu yokugcina izityalo kugcina uyilo lwantlandlolo lwenkqubo yokukhusela ubushushu yophahla nodonga nge-insulation yangaphakathi ephindwe kabini. Nangona kunjalo, emva kweminyaka emi-3 yokusebenza, i-insulation shade net yokuqala yaguga kancinci kwaye yonakele. Ekuhlaziyweni kwendlu yokugcina izityalo, zonke iikhethini zokukhusela zahlaziywa zaza zatshintshwa ngee-acrylic cotton insulation quilts, ezikhaphukhaphu kwaye zigqunywe ngobushushu, ezenziwe ekhaya. Ukususela ekusebenzeni kwangempela, ii-joints ziyagqunywa phakathi kweekhethini zokukhusela uphahla, i-wall insulation quilt kunye ne-roof insulation quilt ziyagqunywa, kwaye yonke inkqubo yokukhusela ivalwe ngokuqinileyo.

Inkqubo Yokukhusela Indlu Yokugcina Ilanga

Ukuze kuqinisekiswe iimfuno zokukhanya zokukhula kwesityalo, kongezwa inkqubo yokukhanya eyongezelelweyo ekuhlaziyweni kwegreenhouse. Ukukhanya okongeziweyo kusebenzisa inkqubo yokukhanyisa ye-LED effect yebhayoloji, isibane ngasinye sokukhulisa i-LED sinamandla angama-50 W, cwangcisa iikholamu ezi-2 ngesithuba ngasinye. Indawo yezibane zekholamu nganye yi-3m. Amandla okukhanya iyonke yi-4.5 kW, elingana ne-4.61 W/m² ngokwendawo nganye. Ukukhanya okungaphezulu kwe-1m ukuphakama kunokufikelela ngaphezulu kwe-2000 lx.

Ngexesha elifanayo lokufaka izibane ezongezelelweyo ze-plnat, umqolo wee-UVB lights nazo zifakelwa kwisithuba ngasinye esinesithuba se-2 m, ezisetyenziswa kakhulu ekubulaleni umoya ngendlela engaqhelekanga kwi-greenhouse. Amandla esibane esinye se-UVB yi-40 W, kwaye amandla apheleleyo afakelweyo yi-4.36 kW, alingana ne-4.47 W/m² ngokwendawo yeyunithi nganye.

Inkqubo yokufudumeza i-greenhouse isebenzisa ipompo yokufudumala yomthombo womoya ococekileyo ngakumbi kwindalo, ethumela umoya oshushu kwi-greenhouse ngesixhobo sokutshintshiselana nobushushu. Amandla apheleleyo epompo yobushushu yomthombo womoya kwi-greenhouse yi-210kW, kwaye iiyunithi ezingama-38 zefeni zotshintshiselwano lobushushu zisasazwa ngokulinganayo kwigumbi. Ukusasazwa kobushushu kwefeni nganye yi-5.5kw, okunokuqinisekisa ubushushu bomoya kwi-greenhouse obungaphezulu kwe-5℃ phantsi kobushushu bangaphandle obuyi--15℃ ngosuku olubanda kakhulu eBeijing, ngaloo ndlela kuqinisekiswa ukuveliswa okukhuselekileyo kwestrawberry kwi-greenhouse.

Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba ubushushu bomoya kunye nokufuma kuyafana kwigreenhouse kwaye kwenziwe intshukumo ethile yomoya ngaphakathi, igreenhouse ikwaxhotyiswe ngefeni yokujikeleza komoya ethe tye. Iifeni ezijikelezayo zibekwe phakathi kwegreenhouse span enesithuba se-18 m, kwaye amandla efeni enye yi-0.12 kW.

Indlu yokukhulisa izityalo exhasa izixhobo zokulawula okusingqongileyo

Ulwazi lwesicatshulwa:

Changji Zhou, Hongbo, Li, He Zheng, njl.UGqr. Zhou uhlole i-Shiling (One Hundred and Twenty Six) i-strawberry hanger enokuphakanyiswa eluhlobo lokubona indawo kunye nezixhobo ezixhasayo [J]. Agricultural Engineering Technology, 2022,42(7):36-42.