Itekhnoloji yobunjineli bobunjineli bezolimo kwiGreenhouse horticulturalIpapashwe ngo-17:30 ngo-Okthobha 14, 2022 eBeijing

Ngokunyuka okuqhubekayo kwabemi behlabathi, imfuno yabantu yokutya iyanda imihla ngemihla, kwaye iimfuno eziphezulu zibekwe phambili kwisondlo sokutya kunye nokhuseleko.Ukuhlakulela isivuno esiphezulu kunye nezityalo ezikumgangatho ophezulu yindlela ebalulekileyo yokusombulula iingxaki zokutya.Nangona kunjalo, indlela yesintu yokuzala ithatha ixesha elide ukulima iintlobo ezibalaseleyo, nto leyo enciphisa inkqubela phambili yokuzala.Kwizivuno zonyaka zokuzipholela ngokwazo, kungathatha i-10 ~ 15 iminyaka ukusuka ekuqaleni komzali ukuwela ukuya kwimveliso yodidi olutsha.Ngoko ke, ukuze kukhawuleziswe inkqubela phambili yokuveliswa kwezityalo, kungxamisekile ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokuzala kunye nokunciphisa ixesha lesizukulwana.

Ukuzala ngokukhawuleza kuthetha ukwandisa izinga lokukhula kwezityalo, ukukhawulezisa ukudubula kweentyatyambo kunye nokuqhama, kunye nokunciphisa umjikelo wokuzala ngokulawula iimeko zokusingqongileyo kwigumbi lokukhula elivaleke ngokupheleleyo.Umzi-mveliso wezityalo yinkqubo yezolimo enokufikelela kwimveliso yezityalo ekumgangatho ophezulu ngokuchaneka okuphezulu kolawulo lokusingqongileyo kwiindawo, kwaye yindawo efanelekileyo yokuzala ngokukhawuleza.Iimeko zokusingqongileyo zokutyala ezifana nokukhanya, ubushushu, ukufuma kunye nokugxininiswa kwe-CO2 kwifektri ziyakwazi ukulawulwa, kwaye azichatshazelwa okanye zichatshazelwa yimozulu yangaphandle.Ngaphantsi kweemeko zokusingqongileyo ezilawulwayo, obona kukhanya bugqwesileyo, ixesha lokukhanya kunye nobushushu bunokukhawulezisa iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zendalo zezityalo, ngakumbi iphotosynthesis kunye neentyatyambo, ngaloo ndlela lifinyeza ixesha lesizukulwana sokukhula kwesityalo.Ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe befektri yezityalo ukulawula ukukhula nophuhliso lwezityalo, ukuvuna iziqhamo kwangaphambili, ukuba nje iimbewu ezimbalwa ezinesakhono sokuntshula zinokuhlangabezana neemfuno zokuzala.

Ifotoperiod, eyona nto iphambili yokusingqongileyo echaphazela umjikelo wokukhula kwesityalo

Umjikelo wokukhanya ubhekisa kutshintsho lwexesha lokukhanya kunye nexesha elimnyama ngosuku.Umjikelo wokukhanya yinto ebalulekileyo echaphazela ukukhula, ukukhula, ukuqhakaza kunye neziqhamo zezityalo.Ngokubona utshintsho lomjikelo wokukhanya, izityalo zinokutshintsha ukusuka ekukhuleni kwezityalo ukuya ekukhuleni kokuzala kunye nokudubula okupheleleyo kunye nokuqhama.Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zezityalo kunye ne-genotypes zineempendulo ezahlukeneyo zomzimba kutshintsho lwephotoperiod.Izityalo zokukhanya kwelanga ixesha elide, xa ixesha lokukhanya lidlula ubude belanga obubalulekileyo, ixesha leentyantyambo lidla ngokukhawuleziswa kukwandiswa kweefotoperiod, ezifana ne-oats, ingqolowa kunye nebhali.Izityalo ezingathathi hlangothi, kungakhathaliseki ukuba yi-photoperiod, ziya kuqhakaza, ezifana nelayisi, ingqolowa kunye nekhukhamba.Izityalo zosuku olufutshane, ezinjengomqhaphu, iimbotyi zesoya kunye ne millet, zidinga ixesha lokufota elisezantsi kunobude bokukhanya kwelanga ukuze budubule.Phantsi kweemeko zokusingqongileyo ezenziweyo zokukhanya kwe-8h kunye nobushushu obuphezulu obungama-30℃, ixesha lokudubula kwe-amaranth lingaphezulu kweentsuku ezingama-40 ngaphambi koko kwimo engqongileyo yentsimi.Ngaphantsi kwonyango lwe-16/8 h umjikelezo wokukhanya (ukukhanya / ubumnyama), zonke i-barley genotypes ezisixhenxe ziqhakaze kwangoko: uFranklin (iintsuku ezingama-36), uGairdner (iintsuku ezingama-35), uGimmett (iintsuku ezingama-33), uMlawuli (iintsuku ezingama-30), iFleet (29) iintsuku), Baudin (26 iintsuku) kunye Lockyer (25 iintsuku).

Ngaphantsi kwendawo eyenziweyo, ixesha lokukhula kwengqolowa linokufinyezwa ngokusebenzisa inkcubeko ye-embryo ukufumana izithole, kwaye emva koko i-irradiation iiyure ezili-16, kwaye izizukulwana ezisi-8 zinokuveliswa minyaka yonke.Ixesha lokukhula kwepea lancitshiswa ukusuka kwiintsuku ze-143 kwindawo yentsimi ukuya kwiintsuku ze-67 kwi-greenhouse yokufakelwa kunye nokukhanya kwe-16h.Ngokwandisa ngakumbi i-photoperiod ukuya kwi-20h kunye nokudibanisa ne-21 ° C / 16 ° C (imini / ubusuku), ixesha lokukhula kwe-pea linokufinyezwa kwiintsuku ezingama-68, kwaye izinga lokumisela imbewu yi-97.8%.Ngaphantsi kwemeko yendawo elawulwayo, emva kweeyure ezingama-20 unyango lwe-photoperiod, kuthatha iintsuku ezingama-32 ukusuka ekuhlwayeleni ukuya kwiintyatyambo, kwaye lonke ixesha lokukhula liyi-62-71 iintsuku, elifutshane kunelo kwiimeko zentsimi ngaphezu kweentsuku ezingama-30.Ngaphantsi kwemeko ye-greenhouse yokufakelwa kunye ne-22h photoperiod, ixesha leentyantyambo zengqolowa, ibhali, udlwengulo kunye ne-chickpea lifinyezwa nge-22, 64, 73 kunye neentsuku ezingama-33 ngokomndilili, ngokulandelanayo.Xa kudityaniswa nokuvunwa kwangethuba kwembewu, izinga lokuntshula kwembewu yesivuno sakwangoko angafikelela kuma-92%, 98%, 89% kunye nama-94% ngokomndilili, ngokulandelelanayo, okunokuhlangabezana ngokupheleleyo neemfuno zokufuya.Iindidi ezikhawulezayo ziyakwazi ukuvelisa ngokuqhubekayo izizukulwana ezi-6 (ingqolowa) kunye nezizukulwana ezisi-7 (ingqolowa).Ngaphantsi kwemeko yeeyure ezingama-22, ixesha lokutyatyamba kwe-oats lancitshiswa ngeentsuku ezili-11, kwaye emva kweentsuku ezingama-21 emva kokudubula kweentyatyambo, ubuncinci bembewu emi-5 esebenzayo inokuqinisekiswa, kwaye izizukulwana ezihlanu zinokusasazwa rhoqo ngonyaka.Kwi-greenhouse yokufakelwa kunye nokukhanya kweeyure ezingama-22, ixesha lokukhula kweelentile lifutshane ukuya kwiintsuku eziyi-115, kwaye ziyakwazi ukuvelisa izizukulwana ezi-3-4 ngonyaka.Ngaphantsi kwemeko yokukhanya okuqhubekayo kweeyure ezingama-24 kwi-greenhouse yokufakelwa, umjikelezo wokukhula kwepeanut uyancitshiswa ukusuka kwiintsuku ezingama-145 ukuya kwiintsuku ezingama-89, kwaye unokusasazwa kwizizukulwana ezi-4 ngonyaka omnye.

Umgangatho wokukhanya

Ukukhanya kunendima ebalulekileyo ekukhuleni nasekukhuleni kwezityalo.Ukukhanya kunokulawula iintyatyambo ngokuchaphazela ii-photoreceptors ezininzi.Umlinganiselo wokukhanya okubomvu (R) ukuya kwisibane esibhlowu (B) ubaluleke kakhulu ekudubuleni isityalo.Ubude bokukhanya obubomvu be-600 ~ 700nm buqulethe incopho yokufunxa ye-chlorophyll ye-660nm, enokukhuthaza ngokufanelekileyo i-photosynthesis.Ubude obuluhlaza obuluhlaza obuyi-400 ~ 500nm buyakuchaphazela ifototropism yesityalo, ukuvulwa kwesisu kunye nokukhula kwezithole.Kwingqolowa, umlinganiselo wokukhanya okubomvu ukuya kwisibane esiluhlaza malunga ne-1, enokubangela ukudubula kweentyatyambo kwangoko.Phantsi komgangatho wokukhanya we-R:B=4:1, ixesha lokukhula kweentlobo zeembotyi zesoya eziphakathi nezivuthwa kade zacuthwa ukusuka kwiintsuku eziyi-120 ukuya kwiintsuku ezingama-63, kwaye ukuphakama kwesityalo kunye ne-biomass yesondlo kwancitshiswa, kodwa isivuno sembewu asichaphazelekanga. , eyayinokwanelisa ubuncinane imbewu enye kwisityalo ngasinye, yaye umlinganiselo wokuntshula kwembewu engekavuthwa yayingama-81.7%.Phantsi kwemeko yokukhanya kwe-10h kunye nesongezo sokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, izityalo zesoya zaba mfutshane kwaye zomelele, zadubula iintsuku ezingama-23 emva kokuhlwayela, zavuthwa phakathi kweentsuku ezingama-77, kwaye zinokuvelisa izizukulwana ezi-5 ngonyaka omnye.

Umlinganiselo wokukhanya obomvu ukuya kukukhanya okubomvu okude (FR) nako kuchaphazela ukudumba kwezityalo.Ii-photosensitive pigments zikhona ngeendlela ezimbini: ukufunxa ukukhanya okubomvu (Pfr) kunye nokufunxa kwisibane esibomvu (Pr).Kwi-R: FR ratio ephantsi, i-photosensitive pigments iguqulwa ukusuka kwi-Pfr ukuya kwi-Pr, nto leyo ekhokelela ekudubuleni kwezityalo ezinde.Ukusebenzisa izibane ze-LED ukulawula i-R: FR (0.66 ~ 1.07) efanelekileyo kunokunyusa ukuphakama kwesityalo, ukukhuthaza ukuqhakaza kwezityalo zeentsuku ezinde (ezifana nozuko lwasekuseni kunye ne-snapdragon), kwaye zithintele ukuqhakaza kwezityalo zeentsuku ezimfutshane (ezifana ne-marigold ).Xa i-R:FR ingaphezu kwe-3.1, ixesha lokudubula kweentyantyambo liyabambezeleka.Ukunciphisa i-R:FR ukuya kwi-1.9 kunokufumana isiphumo esihle sentyatyambo, kwaye sinokuqhakaza ngosuku lwe-31 emva kokuhlwayela.Impembelelo yokukhanya okubomvu ekuvimbeleni intyatyambo idibene ne-photosensitive pigment Pr.Uphononongo lubonise ukuba xa i-R:FR ingaphezulu kwe-3.5, ixesha lokudubula kwezityalo ezintlanu ezinemidumba (i-ertyisi, i-chickpea, imbotyi ebanzi, ilentile kunye nelupin) liya kulibaziseka.Kwezinye iigenotypes ze-amaranth kunye nerayisi, ukukhanya okubomvu-kude kusetyenziselwa ukuqhubela phambili iintyatyambo ngeentsuku ezili-10 kunye neentsuku ezingama-20 ngokulandelelanayo.

Isichumisi CO₂

CO₂ngowona mthombo wekhabhoni wephotosynthesis.Uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-CO₂ngokuqhelekileyo inokukhuthaza ukukhula kunye nokuveliswa kwe-C3 yonyaka, ngelixa i-CO ephantsi yoxinaniso₂inokunciphisa ukukhula kunye nemveliso yokuvelisa ngenxa yokunciphisa ikhabhoni.Ngokomzekelo, ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-photosynthetic yezityalo ze-C3, ezifana nelayisi kunye nengqolowa, kwandisa ngokunyuka kwe-CO.₂inqanaba, okukhokelela ekwandeni kwe-biomass kunye neentyatyambo zakwangoko.Ukuze uqonde impembelelo entle ye-CO₂ukwanda koxinzelelo, kunokuba yimfuneko ukwandisa amanzi kunye nonikezelo lwezondlo.Ke ngoko, phantsi kwemeko yotyalo-mali olungenamkhawulo, i-hydroponics inokukhulula ngokupheleleyo amandla okukhula kwezityalo.I-CO ephantsi₂Ugxininiso lwalibazisa ixesha leentyantyambo ze-Arabidopsis thaliana, ngelixa i-CO ephezulu₂Ugxininiso lwakhawulezisa ixesha lokudubula kwerayisi, lwanciphisa ixesha lokukhula kwerayisi kwiinyanga ezi-3, kwaye lwasasaza izizukulwana ezi-4 ngonyaka.Ngokuncedisa i-CO₂ukuya 785.7μmol/mol kwibhokisi yokukhula eyenziweyo, umjikelo wokuzala weentlobo zeembotyi zesoya 'Enrei' yafinyelelwa kwiintsuku ezingama-70, kwaye inokuzalanisa izizukulwana ezi-5 ngonyaka omnye.Xa i-CO₂ugxininiso lonyuke lwaya kutsho ku-550μmol/mol, ukudumba kweCajanus cajan kwalibaziseka kangangeentsuku ezisi-8 ~ 9, kunye nokumiselwa kweziqhamo kunye nexesha lokuvuthwa nazo zalibaziseka kangangeentsuku ezili-9.ICajanus cajan iqokelele iswekile enganyibilikiyo kwiCO ephezulu₂Ugxininiso, olunokuthi luchaphazele ukuhanjiswa komqondiso wezityalo kunye nokulibaziseka kweentyatyambo.Ukongeza, kwigumbi lokukhula ngokunyuka kwe-CO₂, inani kunye nomgangatho weentyatyambo zesoya ziyanda, nto leyo ebangela ukuxutywa, kwaye izinga lokuxutywa kwayo liphezulu kakhulu kunelo leembotyi zesoya ezikhuliswe entsimini.

Amathemba ekamva

Ulimo lwale mihla lunokuyikhawulezisa inkqubo yokukhulisa izityalo ngezinye iindlela zokuzalisa nokuzalanisa.Nangona kunjalo, kukho iziphene kwezi ndlela, ezifana neemfuneko ezingqongqo zejografi, ulawulo lwabasebenzi olubiza imali eninzi kunye neemeko zendalo ezingazinzanga, ezingenakuqinisekisa impumelelo yesivuno sembewu.Ukufuya indawo kuphenjelelwa ziimeko zemozulu, kwaye ixesha lokongeza isizukulwana lilinganiselwe.Nangona kunjalo, ukuzalaniswa kweemolekyuli kukhawuleza ukukhetha kunye nokuzimisela kweempawu ekujoliswe kuzo.Okwangoku, iteknoloji yokuzala ngokukhawuleza isetyenziswe kwiGramineae, Leguminosae, Cruciferae kunye nezinye izityalo.Nangona kunjalo, ukuzala ngokukhawuleza kwemveliso yezityalo kuyisusa ngokupheleleyo impembelelo yeemeko zemozulu, kwaye kunokulawula imeko yokukhula ngokweemfuno zokukhula nophuhliso lwezityalo.Ukudibanisa iteknoloji yezityalo zokuzalanisa ngokukhawuleza kunye nokuzala kwemveli, ukuzalanisa uphawu lwemolekyuli kunye nezinye iindlela zokuzala ngokufanelekileyo, phantsi kwemeko yokuzala ngokukhawuleza, ixesha elifunekayo lokufumana imigca ye-homozygous emva kokuxutywa kungancitshiswa, kwaye kwangaxeshanye, izizukulwana zokuqala zinoku ekhethiweyo ukucutha ixesha elifunekayo ukufumana iimpawu ezifanelekileyo kunye nezizukulwana zokuzala.

Umda ongundoqo weteknoloji yokuzala ngokukhawuleza kwezityalo kwiifektri kukuba iimeko zokusingqongileyo ezifunekayo ekukhuleni nasekuphuhliseni izityalo ezahlukeneyo zahluke kakhulu, kwaye kuthatha ixesha elide ukufumana iimeko zokusingqongileyo zokuzala ngokukhawuleza kwezityalo ekujoliswe kuzo.Kwangaxeshanye, ngenxa yeendleko eziphezulu zokwakhiwa nokusebenza kwemizi-mveliso yezityalo, kunzima ukwenza umfuniselo omkhulu wokuzalanisa okongezelelekileyo, nto leyo edla ngokukhokelela kwisivuno esilinganiselweyo sembewu, nto leyo enokunciphisa uvandlakanyo lolandelelwano lweempawu zentsimi.Ngophuculo oluthe chu kunye nokuphuculwa kwezixhobo zomzi-mveliso weplanti kunye nobuchwepheshe, iindleko zokwakha nezokusebenza komzi-mveliso wezityalo ziye zithotywe ngokuthe ngcembe.Kuyenzeka ukuqhubela phambili nokwandisa ubuchwepheshe obukhawulezayo bokuzala kunye nokunciphisa umjikelo wokuzala ngokudibanisa ngempumelelo umzi-mveliso wezityalo okhawulezayo wokuvelisa ubuchwepheshe kunye nobunye ubuchule bokuzala.

ISIPHELO

Ulwazi olukhankanyiweyo

ULiu Kaizhe, uLiu Houcheng.Inkqubela phambili yophando yobugcisa bokuvelisa izityalo ngokukhawuleza [J].Ubuchwephesha bobuNjineli bezoLimo, 2022,42(22):46-49.