Itekhnoloji yobunjineli bezolimo kwizityalo eziluhlaza okotshaniIpapashwe ngo-17:30 nge-14 ka-Okthobha, 2022 eBeijing

Ngenxa yokwanda okuqhubekayo kwabemi behlabathi, imfuno yabantu yokutya iyanda imihla ngemihla, kwaye iimfuno eziphezulu zibekwa phambili zesondlo sokutya kunye nokhuseleko. Ukuhlakulela izityalo ezivelisa isivuno esiphezulu nezisemgangathweni yindlela ebalulekileyo yokusombulula iingxaki zokutya. Nangona kunjalo, indlela yokuzalisa yendabuko ithatha ixesha elide ukukhulisa iintlobo ezibalaseleyo, nto leyo ethintela inkqubela yokuzalisa. Kwizityalo ezizivundisayo zonyaka, kungathatha iminyaka eli-10 ukuya kweli-15 ukusuka ekuqhagamshelweni kokuqala komzali ukuya ekuvelisweni kohlobo olutsha. Ke ngoko, ukuze kukhawuleziswe inkqubela yokuzalisa izityalo, kungxamisekile ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokuzalisa kunye nokunciphisa ixesha lokuzala.

Ukuzalisa ngokukhawuleza kuthetha ukwandisa izinga lokukhula kwezityalo, ukukhawulezisa ukudubula nokuvelisa iziqhamo, kunye nokunciphisa umjikelo wokuzalisa ngokulawula iimeko zendalo kwigumbi lokukhula elilawulwa ngokupheleleyo. Umzi-mveliso wezityalo yinkqubo yezolimo enokufezekisa imveliso yezityalo esebenza kakuhle ngokulawula imeko yendalo ngokuchanekileyo kwiindawo, kwaye yindawo efanelekileyo yokuzalisa ngokukhawuleza. Iimeko zendalo yokutyala ezifana nokukhanya, ubushushu, ukufuma kunye noxinzelelo lwe-CO2 kumzi-mveliso ziyalawuleka, kwaye azichaphazeleki okanye azichaphazeleki kakhulu yimozulu yangaphandle. Phantsi kweemeko zendalo ezilawulwayo, ukukhanya okubalaseleyo, ixesha lokukhanya kunye nobushushu kunokukhawulezisa iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo ze-physiological zezityalo, ngakumbi i-photosynthesis kunye nokudubula, ngaloo ndlela kunciphisa ixesha lokuvelisa ukukhula kwesityalo. Ukusebenzisa iteknoloji yefektri yezityalo ukulawula ukukhula nophuhliso lwesityalo, ukuvuna iziqhamo kwangaphambili, lo gama nje imbewu ezimbalwa ezinokukwazi ukuhluma zinokuhlangabezana neemfuno zokuzalisa.

I-Photoperiod, eyona nto iphambili kwindalo echaphazela umjikelo wokukhula kwezityalo

Umjikelo wokukhanya ubhekisa ekutshintsheni kwexesha lokukhanya kunye nexesha lobumnyama ngemini. Umjikelo wokukhanya yinto ebalulekileyo echaphazela ukukhula, uphuhliso, ukudubula kunye nokuchuma kwezityalo. Ngokubona utshintsho lomjikelo wokukhanya, izityalo zinokutshintsha ukusuka ekukhuleni kwezityalo ukuya ekukhuleni kokuzala kunye nokudubula okupheleleyo kunye nokuchuma. Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezityalo kunye nee-genotypes zinempendulo ezahlukeneyo ze-physiological kutshintsho lwexesha le-photo. Izityalo ezihlala ixesha elide, xa ixesha lokukhanya kwelanga lidlula ubude bokukhanya kwelanga obubalulekileyo, ixesha lokudubula lidla ngokukhawuleziswa kukwandiswa kwexesha le-photo, njenge-oats, ingqolowa kunye nerhasi. Izityalo ezingathathi cala, nokuba lixesha le-photo, ziya kuqhakaza, njengerayisi, umbona kunye nekhukhamba. Izityalo zeentsuku ezimfutshane, ezifana nomqhaphu, iisoya kunye ne-millet, zifuna ixesha le-photo elingaphantsi kobude bokukhanya kwelanga obubalulekileyo ukuze zidubule. Phantsi kweemeko zendalo yokwenziwa yokukhanya kweeyure ezisi-8 kunye nobushushu obuphezulu obungama-30℃, ixesha lokudubula kwe-amaranth lingaphezulu kweentsuku ezingama-40 ngaphambi kwelo kwindawo yasendle. Phantsi konyango lomjikelo wokukhanya weeyure ezili-16/8 (ukukhanya/ubumnyama), zonke iintlobo ezisixhenxe zebhali zadubula kwangethuba: uFranklin (iintsuku ezingama-36), uGairdner (iintsuku ezingama-35), uGimmett (iintsuku ezingama-33), uMyaleli (iintsuku ezingama-30), uMkhuseli (iintsuku ezingama-29), uBaudin (iintsuku ezingama-26) kunye noLockyer (iintsuku ezingama-25).

Phantsi kwendawo yokwenziwa, ixesha lokukhula kwengqolowa lingancitshiswa ngokusebenzisa i-embryo culture ukuze kufunyanwe izithole, emva koko zifakwe imitha iiyure ezili-16, kwaye izizukulwana ezisi-8 zingaveliswa minyaka le. Ixesha lokukhula kwe-pea lincitshisiwe ukusuka kwiintsuku ezili-143 kwindawo yokwenziwa ukuya kwiintsuku ezingama-67 kwindawo yokwenziwa eluhlaza enokukhanya kweeyure ezili-16. Ngokwandisa ixesha lokukhula kwe-photoperiod ukuya kwiiyure ezingama-20 kwaye lidityaniswe ne-21°C/16°C (emini/ebusuku), ixesha lokukhula kwe-pea lingancitshiswa ukuya kwiintsuku ezingama-68, kwaye izinga lokubekwa kwembewu liyi-97.8%. Phantsi kwemeko yendawo elawulwayo, emva kweeyure ezingama-20 zonyango lwe-photoperiod, kuthatha iintsuku ezingama-32 ukusuka ekutyalweni ukuya ekudubuleni, kwaye ixesha lokukhula lonke liziintsuku ezingama-62-71, elifutshane kunelo kwimeko yentsimi ngaphezulu kweentsuku ezingama-30. Phantsi kwemeko yendawo yokwenziwa eluhlaza eneeyure ezingama-22, ixesha lokukhula kwengqolowa, irhasi, irape kunye ne-chickpea lincitshiswa ngeentsuku ezingama-22, 64, 73 kunye nama-33 ngokomyinge, ngokulandelelana. Xa idityaniswe nokuvunwa kwembewu kwangoko, amazinga okuhluma kwembewu yokuvuna kwangoko anokufikelela kwi-92%, 98%, 89% kunye ne-94% ngokomndilili, ngokulandelelana, nto leyo enokwanelisa ngokupheleleyo iimfuno zokuzalisa. Iintlobo ezikhawulezayo zinokuvelisa izizukulwana ezi-6 (ingqolowa) kunye nezizukulwana ezi-7 (ingqolowa). Phantsi kwesithuba seeyure ezingama-22, ixesha lokudubula kwe-oats lincitshisiwe ngeentsuku ezili-11, kwaye emva kweentsuku ezingama-21 emva kokudubula, ubuncinci imbewu ezi-5 eziphilayo zinokuqinisekiswa, kwaye izizukulwana ezi-5 zinokusasazwa rhoqo ngonyaka. Kwi-greenhouse yokwenziwa enokukhanya kweeyure ezingama-22, ixesha lokukhula kweelentile lifinyezwa libe ziintsuku ezili-115, kwaye zinokuzala izizukulwana ezi-3-4 ngonyaka. Phantsi kwemeko yokukhanya okuqhubekayo kweeyure ezingama-24 kwi-greenhouse yokwenziwa, umjikelo wokukhula kwepeanut uncitshisiwe ukusuka kwiintsuku ezili-145 ukuya kwiintsuku ezingama-89, kwaye unokusasazwa izizukulwana ezi-4 kunyaka omnye.

Umgangatho wokukhanya

Ukukhanya kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuleni nasekuphuhlisweni kwezityalo. Ukukhanya kunokulawula ukudubula ngokuchaphazela ii-photoreceptors ezininzi. Umlinganiselo wokukhanya okubomvu (R) kukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (B) ubaluleke kakhulu ekudubuleni kwezityalo. Ububanzi bokukhanya okubomvu obuyi-600 ~ 700nm buqulathe incochoyi yokufunxwa kwe-chlorophyll eyi-660nm, enokukhuthaza ngempumelelo i-photosynthesis. Ububanzi bokukhanya okuluhlaza obuyi-400 ~ 500nm buya kuchaphazela i-phototropism yezityalo, ukuvulwa kwesisu kunye nokukhula kwezithole. Kwingqolowa, umlinganiselo wokukhanya okubomvu kukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka umalunga ne-1, enokubangela ukudubula kwangoko. Phantsi komgangatho wokukhanya we-R:B=4:1, ixesha lokukhula kweentlobo zesoya eziphakathi nezivuthiweyo lancitshiswa ukusuka kwiintsuku ezili-120 ukuya kwiintsuku ezingama-63, kwaye ukuphakama kwesityalo kunye ne-biomass yesondlo yancitshiswa, kodwa isivuno sembewu asichaphazelekanga, esinokwanelisa ubuncinane imbewu enye kwisityalo ngasinye, kwaye izinga lokuhluma eliphakathi lembewu engavuthwanga yayiyi-81.7%. Phantsi kwemeko yokukhanya kweeyure ezili-10 kunye nesongezo sokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, izityalo zesoya zaba mfutshane kwaye zomelele, zadubula emva kweentsuku ezingama-23 emva kokutyala, zavuthwa kwiintsuku ezingama-77, kwaye zakwazi ukuzala izizukulwana ezi-5 ngonyaka omnye.

Umlinganiselo wokukhanya okubomvu nokukhanya okubomvu okukude (FR) nawo uchaphazela ukudubula kwezityalo. Iipigment ezithambileyo kwifoto zikhona ngeendlela ezimbini: ukufunxwa kokukhanya okubomvu okukude (Pfr) kunye nokufunxwa kokukhanya okubomvu (Pr). Kwi-ratio ephantsi ye-R:FR, iipigment ezithambileyo kwifoto ziguqulwa ukusuka kwi-Pfr ukuya kwi-Pr, nto leyo ekhokelela ekudubuleni kwezityalo ezihlala imini yonke. Ukusebenzisa izibane ze-LED ukulawula i-R:FR(0.66~1.07) efanelekileyo kunokunyusa ubude besityalo, kukhuthaze ukudubula kwezityalo ezihlala imini yonke (ezifana ne-morning glory kunye ne-snapdragon), kwaye kuthintele ukudubula kwezityalo ezihlala imini yonke (ezifana ne-marigold). Xa i-R:FR ingaphezulu kwe-3.1, ixesha lokudubula kweelentile liyalibaziseka. Ukunciphisa i-R:FR ukuya kwi-1.9 kunokufumana isiphumo esihle sokudubula, kwaye inokudubula ngomhla wama-31 emva kokutyala. Isiphumo sokukhanya okubomvu ekuthintelweni kokudubula silawulwa yi-pigment ethambileyo kwifoto Pr. Izifundo zibonise ukuba xa i-R:FR ingaphezulu kwe-3.5, ixesha lokudubula kwezityalo ezintlanu ze-leguminous (i-pea, i-chickpea, i-broad bean, i-lentil kunye ne-lupin) liya kulibaziseka. Kwezinye iintlobo ze-genotypes ze-amaranth kunye nerayisi, ukukhanya okubomvu kakhulu kusetyenziswa ukuqhubela phambili ukudubula ngeentsuku ezili-10 kunye neentsuku ezingama-20 ngokulandelelana.

CO yesichumiso₂

CO₂ngumthombo ophambili wekhabhoni we-photosynthesis. Uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-CO2₂idla ngokukhuthaza ukukhula nokuzala kwe-C3 annuals, ngelixa i-CO2 ephantsi₂inokunciphisa ukukhula nokuzala ngenxa yokunciphisa ikhabhoni. Umzekelo, ukusebenza kakuhle kwezityalo ze-C3, ezifana nerayisi nengqolowa, kuyanda ngokunyuka kwe-CO2₂kwinqanaba, nto leyo ekhokelela ekwandeni kwe-biomass kunye nokudubula kwangethuba. Ukuze kufezekiswe impembelelo entle ye-CO2₂Ukwanda koxinzelelo, kunokufuneka ukuba kuphuculwe ukunikezelwa kwamanzi kunye nezondlo. Ke ngoko, phantsi kwemeko yotyalo-mali olungenamkhawulo, i-hydroponics inokukhulula ngokupheleleyo amandla okukhula kwezityalo. I-CO2 ephantsi₂ukugxila kulibazise ixesha lokudubula kwe-Arabidopsis thaliana, ngelixa i-CO2 ephezulu₂Uxinzelelo lwakhawulezisa ixesha lokudubula kwerayisi, lwanciphisa ixesha lokukhula kwerayisi ukuya kwiinyanga ezi-3, lwaza lwasasazeka kwizizukulwana ezi-4 ngonyaka. Ngokudibanisa i-CO2₂ukuya kwi-785.7μmol/mol kwibhokisi yokukhula eyenziweyo, umjikelo wokuzala weentlobo zesoya 'Enrei' wafinyezwa waya kwiintsuku ezingama-70, kwaye unokuzala izizukulwana ezi-5 ngonyaka omnye. Xa i-CO2₂Uxinzelelo lwanda lwaya kwi-550μmol/mol, ukudumba kweCajanus cajan kwalibaziseka iintsuku ezisi-8 ~ 9, kwaye ixesha lokubekwa kwesiqhamo kunye nexesha lokuvuthwa nalo lalibaziseka iintsuku ezisi-9. ICajanus cajan iqokelele iswekile enganyibilikiyo kwi-CO2 ephezulu.₂uxinaniso, olunokuchaphazela ukuhanjiswa kwesignali yezityalo kunye nokulibazisa ukudubula kweentyatyambo. Ukongeza, kwigumbi lokukhula elineCO2 eyongeziweyo₂, inani kunye nomgangatho weentyatyambo zesoya uyanda, nto leyo ekhuthaza ukudityaniswa, kwaye izinga lokudityaniswa kwayo liphezulu kakhulu kuneleembotyi zesoya ezikhuliswe emasimini.

Amathemba exesha elizayo

Ulimo lwanamhlanje lunokuyikhawulezisa inkqubo yokuzalisa izityalo ngokusebenzisa ezinye iindlela zokuzalisa kunye nokuzala kwezakhiwo. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ezinye iziphene kwezi ndlela, ezifana neemfuno ezingqongqo zejografi, ulawulo olubizayo lwabasebenzi kunye neemeko zendalo ezingazinzanga, ezingenakuqinisekisa ukuvunwa kwembewu ngempumelelo. Ukuzalisa kwezakhiwo kuchaphazeleka ziimeko zemozulu, kwaye ixesha lokongeza isizukulwana lilinganiselwe. Nangona kunjalo, ukuzalisa ii-molecular marker kukhawuleza kuphela ukukhethwa kunye nokumisela iimpawu ekujoliswe kuzo zokuzalisa. Okwangoku, ubuchwepheshe bokuzala ngokukhawuleza busetyenzisiwe kwiGramineae, Leguminosae, Cruciferae kunye nezinye izityalo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuzalisa ngokukhawuleza kwefektri yezityalo kususa ngokupheleleyo impembelelo yeemeko zemozulu, kwaye kunokulawula imeko yokukhula ngokweemfuno zokukhula kwezityalo kunye nophuhliso. Ukudibanisa ubuchwepheshe bokuzala ngokukhawuleza kwefektri yezityalo kunye nokuzalisa kwendabuko, ukuzalisa ii-molecular marker kunye nezinye iindlela zokuzalisa ngokufanelekileyo, phantsi kwemeko yokuzalisa ngokukhawuleza, ixesha elifunekayo lokufumana imigca ye-homozygous emva kokudityaniswa linokunciphisa, kwaye kwangaxeshanye, izizukulwana zokuqala zinokukhethwa ukuze zifinyeze ixesha elifunekayo ukuze kufunyanwe iimpawu ezifanelekileyo kunye nezizukulwana zokuzalisa.

Umda ophambili wetekhnoloji yokuzala ngokukhawuleza kwezityalo kwiifektri kukuba iimeko zokusingqongileyo ezifunekayo ekukhuleni nasekuphuhlisweni kwezityalo ezahlukeneyo zahlukile kakhulu, kwaye kuthatha ixesha elide ukufumana iimeko zokusingqongileyo zokuzala ngokukhawuleza kwezityalo ekujoliswe kuzo. Kwangaxeshanye, ngenxa yeendleko eziphezulu zokwakha nokusebenza kwefektri yezityalo, kunzima ukwenza uvavanyo olukhulu lokuzala olongezelelweyo, oluhlala lukhokelela kwisivuno esincinci sembewu, esinokuthintela uvavanyo lokulandela umlinganiswa wentsimi. Ngokuphuculwa kancinci kancinci kunye nokuphuculwa kwezixhobo kunye netekhnoloji yefektri yezityalo, iindleko zokwakha kunye nokusebenza kwefektri yezityalo ziyancitshiswa kancinci kancinci. Kunokwenzeka ukuphucula ngakumbi itekhnoloji yokuzala ngokukhawuleza kunye nokunciphisa umjikelo wokuzala ngokuhlanganisa ngempumelelo itekhnoloji yokuzala ngokukhawuleza yefektri yezityalo kunye nezinye iindlela zokuzala.

ISIPHELO

Ulwazi olucatshulweyo

ULiu Kaizhe, uLiu Houcheng. Inkqubela phambili yophando lwetekhnoloji yokuzalisa ngokukhawuleza kwifektri yezityalo [J]. Itekhnoloji yoBunjineli bezoLimo, 2022,42(22):46-49.