Itekhnoloji yobunjineli bezoLimo yegadi yegreenhouse yapapashwa eBeijing ngo-17:30 nge-13 kaJanuwari, ngo-2023.

Ukufunxwa kwezinto ezininzi zezondlo yinkqubo esondelelene nemetabolism yeengcambu zezityalo.Ezi nkqubo zifuna amandla aveliswa ngokuphefumla kweengcambu zeengcambu, kwaye ukufunxa kwamanzi kulawulwa ngubushushu kunye nokuphefumla, kwaye ukuphefumula kufuna ukuthatha inxaxheba kwe-oksijini, ngoko i-oksijini kwindawo yeengcambu inempembelelo ebalulekileyo ekukhuleni okuqhelekileyo kwezityalo.Isiqulatho se-oksijini echithiweyo emanzini sichatshazelwa bubushushu kunye netyuwa, kwaye isakhiwo se-substrate simisela umxholo womoya kwindawo yeengcambu.Ukunkcenkceshela kunomahluko omkhulu ekuhlaziyweni nasekuncediseni umxholo we-oksijini kwii-substrates ezinamanzi ahlukeneyo omxholo wamanzi.Zininzi izinto zokwandisa umxholo weoksijini kwindawo yeengcambu, kodwa inqanaba lempembelelo yento nganye yahluke kakhulu.Ukugcina umthamo ofanelekileyo wokubamba amanzi e-substrate (umxholo womoya) sisiseko sokugcina umxholo ophezulu weoksijini kwindawo yeengcambu.

Iziphumo zobushushu kunye netyuwa kumxholo we-oksijini ohluthisiweyo kwisisombululo

Isiqulatho seoksijini esinyibilikile emanzini

I-oksijeni echithiweyo ichithwa kwi-oksijeni engavumelekanga okanye ekhululekile emanzini, kwaye umxholo we-oksijini echithwe emanzini uya kufikelela kumlinganiselo ophezulu kwiqondo lokushisa elithile, elingumxholo we-oksijeni ogcweleyo.Isiqulatho se-oksijini egcweleyo emanzini sitshintsha ngobushushu, kwaye xa iqondo lokushisa linyuka, umxholo we-oxygen uyancipha.Umxholo we-oksijini ogcweleyo wamanzi acocekileyo uphezulu kunomanzi olwandle anetyuwa (Umfanekiso1), ngoko umxholo we-oksijini ogcweleyo wezisombululo zezondlo ezinobunzima obuhlukeneyo ziya kuhluka.

Ukuthuthwa kweoksijini kwi-matrix

Ioksijini enokuthi ifumaneke kwiingcambu zezityalo ze-greenhouse kwisisombululo sezondlo kufuneka ibe kwindawo ekhululekile, kwaye i-oksijini ihanjiswa kwi-substrate ngomoya kunye namanzi kunye namanzi ajikeleze iingcambu.Xa i-equilibrium kunye nomxholo we-oksijeni emoyeni kwiqondo lokushisa elinikeziweyo, i-oksijini echithwe emanzini ifikelela kwinqanaba eliphezulu, kwaye utshintsho lomxholo we-oksijini emoyeni luya kukhokelela ekutshintsheni ngokulinganayo komxholo we-oksijini emanzini.

Iziphumo zoxinzelelo lwe-hypoxia kwindawo yeengcambu kwizityalo

Iimbangela ze-hypoxia yeengcambu

Kukho izizathu ezininzi zokuba kutheni umngcipheko we-hypoxia kwi-hydroponics kunye neenkqubo zokulinywa kwe-substrate uphezulu ehlotyeni.Okokuqala, umxholo weoksijini ogcweleyo emanzini uya kuncipha njengoko ubushushu bunyuka.Okwesibini, ioksijini efunekayo ukugcina ukukhula kweengcambu kuyanda ngokunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu.Ngaphaya koko, inani lokufunxa izondlo liphezulu ehlotyeni, ngoko ke imfuno yeoksijini yokufunxa izondlo iphezulu.Kukhokelela ekwehleni komxholo weoksijini kwindawo yeengcambu kunye nokungabikho koncediso olusebenzayo, okukhokelela kwi-hypoxia kwindawo yeengcambu.

Ukufunxa kunye nokukhula

Ukufunxwa kwezona zondlo zibalulekileyo kuxhomekeke kwiinkqubo ezinxulumene ngokusondeleyo kwimetabolism yeengcambu, ezifuna amandla aveliswa kukuphefumla kweengcambu zeengcambu, oko kukuthi, ukubola kweemveliso zephotosynthetic phambi kweoksijini.Uphononongo lubonise ukuba i-10% ~ 20% ye-assimilates iyonke yezityalo ze-tomato isetyenziswa kwiingcambu, i-50% yazo isetyenziselwa ukufunxa i-ion yezondlo, i-40% yokukhula kunye ne-10% kuphela yokugcina.Iingcambu kufuneka zifumane ioksijini kwindawo ethe ngqo apho zikhupha iCO₂.Ngaphantsi kweemeko ze-anaerobic ezibangelwa kukungena komoya okungahambi kakuhle kwi-substrates kunye ne-hydroponics, i-hypoxia iya kuchaphazela ukufunxwa kwamanzi kunye nezondlo.I-Hypoxia inempendulo ekhawulezayo ekufunxeni okusebenzayo kwezondlo, ezizezi nitrate (NO₃^-), i-potassium (K) kunye ne-phosphate (PO₄^3-), eya kuphazamisa i-passive ye-calcium (Ca) kunye ne-magnesium (Mg).

Ukukhula kweengcambu zesityalo kudinga amandla, umsebenzi oqhelekileyo weengcambu udinga owona moya uphantsi weoksijini, kwaye ugxininiso lweoksijini olungaphantsi kwexabiso leCOP luba yinto ethintela i-root cell metabolism (hypoxia).Xa umgangatho womxholo weoksijini uphantsi, ukukhula kuyehla okanye kume.Ukuba inxalenye yengcambu ye-hypoxia ichaphazela kuphela amasebe kunye namagqabi, inkqubo yeengcambu inokubuyisela inxalenye yenkqubo yeengcambu engasasebenziyo ngesizathu esithile ngokunyusa ukufunxa kwendawo.

Inkqubo yemetabolism yezityalo ixhomekeke kwioksijini njengomamkeli we-electron.Ngaphandle kweoksijini, ukuveliswa kwe-ATP kuya kuyeka.Ngaphandle kwe-ATP, ukuphuma kweeproton kwiingcambu kuya kumisa, i-cell sap yeeseli zeengcambu iya kuba ne-acidic, kwaye ezi seli ziya kufa kwiiyure ezimbalwa.I-hypoxia yesikhashana kunye neyexesha elifutshane ayiyi kubangela uxinzelelo olungenakuguqulwa lwesondlo kwizityalo.Ngenxa yendlela “yokuphefumla kwenitrate”, isenokuba lulungiselelo lwexeshana elifutshane ukumelana ne-hypoxia njengenye indlela ngexesha le-root hypoxia.Nangona kunjalo, i-hypoxia yexesha elide iya kukhokelela ekukhuleni okucothayo, ukuncipha kwendawo yamagqabi kunye nokuncipha kobunzima obutsha kunye nobomileyo, okuya kukhokelela ekwehleni okukhulu kwesivuno sesityalo.

Ethylene

Izityalo ziya kwenza i-ethylene in situ phantsi koxinzelelo oluninzi.Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-ethylene isuswa kwiingcambu ngokusasazwa kumoya womhlaba.Xa ukukhutshwa kwamanzi kwenzeka, ukubunjwa kwe-ethylene akuyi kunyuka kuphela, kodwa kunye nokusabalalisa kuya kuncitshiswa kakhulu ngenxa yokuba iingcambu zijikelezwe ngamanzi.Ukunyuka kwe-ethylene concentration kuya kukhokelela ekubunjweni kwezicubu ze-aeration kwiingcambu (Umfanekiso 2).I-ethylene inokubangela ukuba i-leaf senescence, kwaye intsebenziswano phakathi kwe-ethylene kunye ne-auxin iya kwandisa ukubunjwa kweengcambu ze-adventitious.

Uxinzelelo lweoksijini lukhokelela ekukhuleni kwamagqabi

I-ABA iveliswa kwiingcambu kunye namagqabi ukuze imelane noxinzelelo olwahlukeneyo lokusingqongileyo.Kwimeko yengcambu, impendulo eqhelekileyo yoxinzelelo kukuvalwa kwe-stomatal, ebandakanya ukubunjwa kwe-ABA.Ngaphambi kokuba i-stomata ivalwe, umphezulu wesityalo ulahlekelwa luxinzelelo lokudumba, amagqabi aphezulu ayabuna, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwephotosynthetic nako kunokuncipha.Izifundo ezininzi zibonise ukuba i-stomata isabela ekunyuseni kwe-ABA yoxinaniso kwi-apoplast ngokuvala, oko kukuthi, umxholo we-ABA opheleleyo kwi-non-amagqabi ngokukhupha i-intracellular ABA, izityalo zinokunyusa ukuxinwa kwe-apoplast ABA ngokukhawuleza.Xa izityalo ziphantsi koxinzelelo lokusingqongileyo, ziqala ukukhulula i-ABA kwiiseli, kwaye uphawu lokukhutshwa kweengcambu lunokudluliselwa ngemizuzu endaweni yeeyure.Ukwanda kwe-ABA kwiithishu zamagqabi kunokunciphisa ukwanda kodonga lweseli kwaye kukhokelela ekunciphiseni kobude begqabi.Enye impembelelo ye-hypoxia kukuba ixesha lokuphila kwamagqabi lifutshane, eliya kuchaphazela onke amaqabunga.I-Hypoxia idla ngokukhokelela ekunciphiseni kwe-cytokinin kunye ne-nitrate yokuthutha.Ukungabikho kwe-nitrogen okanye i-cytokinin kuya kunciphisa ixesha lokugcinwa kwendawo yamagqabi kwaye kumise ukukhula kwamasebe kunye namaqabunga kwiintsuku ezimbalwa.

Ukuphucula imekobume yeoksijini yenkqubo yeengcambu zesityalo

Iimpawu ze-substrate zithatha isigqibo malunga nokuhanjiswa kwamanzi kunye ne-oxygen.I-oksijini yoxinaniso kwindawo yeengcambu zemifuno ye-greenhouse inxulumene kakhulu nomthamo wamanzi obambe i-substrate, ukunkcenkceshela (ubungakanani kunye nokuphindaphinda), isakhiwo se-substrate kunye nobushushu be-substrate strip.Kuphela xa umxholo we-oksijini kwindawo yeengcambu ubuncinci ngaphezu kwe-10% (4 ~ 5mg / L) umsebenzi weengcambu unokugcinwa kwindawo engcono kakhulu.

Inkqubo yeengcambu zezityalo ibaluleke kakhulu ekukhuleni kwezityalo kunye nokuxhathisa izifo zezityalo.Amanzi kunye nezondlo ziya kufunxwa ngokweemfuno zezityalo.Nangona kunjalo, inqanaba le-oksijini kwindawo yeengcambu ubukhulu becala limisela ukufunxwa kakuhle kwezondlo kunye namanzi kunye nomgangatho wenkqubo yeengcambu.Inqanaba elaneleyo le-oksijini kwindawo yenkqubo yeengcambu inokuqinisekisa impilo yenkqubo yeengcambu, ukwenzela ukuba izityalo zibe nokuchasana okungcono kwii-microorganisms ze-pathogenic (Umfanekiso 3).Inqanaba le-oksijini eyaneleyo kwi-substrate iphinda inciphise umngcipheko weemeko ze-anaerobic, ngaloo ndlela inciphisa umngcipheko we-pathogenic microorganisms.

Ukusetyenziswa kweoksijini kwindawo yeengcambu

Ukusetyenziswa okuphezulu kwe-oksijini yezityalo kunokuba phezulu kwi-40mg / m2 / h (ukusetyenziswa kuxhomekeke kwizityalo).Ngokuxhomekeke kwiqondo lokushisa, amanzi okunkcenkceshela anokuba ne-7 ~ 8mg / L ye-oxygen (Umfanekiso 4).Ukufikelela kwi-40 mg, i-5L yamanzi kufuneka inikwe iyure nganye ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ze-oksijini, kodwa ngokwenene, isixa sokunkcenkceshela ngosuku olunye asinakufikelelwa.Oku kuthetha ukuba ioksijini enikezelwa ngokunkcenkceshela idlala indima encinane kuphela.Uninzi lwe-oksijini ye-oksijini ifikelela kwindawo yeengcambu ngokusebenzisa ii-pores kwi-matrix, kwaye igalelo lokunikezelwa kwe-oksijini ngee-pores liphezulu njenge-90%, kuxhomekeke kwixesha lemini.Xa i-evaporation yezityalo ifikelela kwinqanaba eliphezulu, inani lokunkcenkceshela lifikelela kwinqanaba eliphezulu, elilingana ne-1 ~ 1.5L / m2 / h.Ukuba amanzi okunkcenkceshela aqukethe i-7mg / L oksijini, iya kunika i-7 ~ 11mg / m2 / h oksijini kwindawo yeengcambu.Oku kulingana ne-17% ~ 25% yemfuno.Ngokuqinisekileyo, oku kusebenza kuphela kwimeko yokuba amanzi okunkcenkceshela i-oksijeni-i-oksijini engafanelekanga kwi-substrate ithathelwa indawo ngamanzi okunkcenkceshela amatsha.

Ukongeza ekusebenziseni iingcambu, ii-microorganisms kwindawo yeengcambu nazo zidla i-oxygen.Kunzima ukulinganisa oku kuba akukho milinganiso yenziweyo kulo mba.Ekubeni ii-substrates ezintsha zitshintshwa minyaka yonke, kunokucingelwa ukuba ii-microorganisms zidlala indima encinci ekusebenziseni i-oxygen.

Lungiselela ubushushu bendawo yeengcambu

Ubushushu bemekobume yenkqubo yeengcambu bubaluleke kakhulu ekukhuleni okuqhelekileyo kunye nokusebenza kweengcambu, kwaye ikwayinto ebalulekileyo echaphazela ukufunxwa kwamanzi kunye nezondlo ngenkqubo yeengcambu.

Ubushushu besubstrate obuphantsi kakhulu (ubushushu bengcambu) bunokukhokelela kubunzima bokufunxeka kwamanzi.Kwi-5℃, ukufunxa ngama-70% ~ 80% ngaphantsi kune-20℃.Ukuba ubushushu obuphantsi be-substrate buhamba kunye nobushushu obuphezulu, kuya kukhokelela ekubuneni kwezityalo.Ukufunxwa kwe-ion ngokucacileyo kuxhomekeke kwiqondo lobushushu, elithintela ukufunxwa kwe-ion kwiqondo lobushushu eliphantsi, kunye novakalelo lwezinto ezahlukeneyo zezondlo kwiqondo lobushushu lahlukile.

Ubushushu besubstrate obuphezulu kakhulu abunamsebenzi, kwaye kunokukhokelela kwisixokelelwano seengcambu esikhulu kakhulu.Ngamanye amazwi, kukho ulwabiwo olungalinganiyo lwento eyomileyo kwizityalo.Ngenxa yokuba iingcambu zinkulu kakhulu, ilahleko engeyomfuneko iya kwenzeka ngokuphefumla, kwaye le ndawo yamandla alahlekileyo ibinokusetyenziselwa ukuvuna inxalenye yesityalo.Kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu le-substrate, umxholo we-oksijini ochithiweyo uphantsi, onempembelelo enkulu kakhulu kumxholo we-oksijini kwindawo yeengcambu kune-oksijini echithwa yi-microorganisms.Inkqubo yeengcambu idla i-oksijeni eninzi, kwaye ikhokelela kwi-hypoxia kwimeko ye-substrate embi okanye isakhiwo somhlaba, ngaloo ndlela inciphisa ukufunxa kwamanzi kunye ne-ion.

Gcina umthamo wamanzi ofanelekileyo we-matrix.

Kukho ulungelelwaniso olubi phakathi komxholo wamanzi kunye nomxholo wepesenti we-oxygen kwi-matrix.Xa umthamo wamanzi ukhula, umxholo we-oksijini uyancipha, kwaye ngokufanayo.Kukho uluhlu olubalulekileyo phakathi komxholo wamanzi kunye ne-oksijini kwi-matrix, oko kukuthi, i-80% ~ 85% umxholo wamanzi (Umfanekiso 5).Ukugcinwa kwexesha elide lomthamo wamanzi ngaphezu kwe-85% kwi-substrate kuya kuchaphazela ukunikezelwa kwe-oxygen.Uninzi lwe-oksijeni (75% ~ 90%) luhamba ngeepores kwi-matrix.

Ukongezwa kokunkcenkceshela kumxholo we-oxygen kwi-substrate

Ukukhanya kwelanga okungaphezulu kuya kukhokelela ekusetyenzisweni okuphezulu kwe-oksijeni kunye nokuxinwa kwe-oksijini ephantsi kwiingcambu (Umfanekiso 6), kunye neswekile eninzi iya kwenza ukusetyenziswa kwe-oksijini kuphezulu ebusuku.I-Transpiration inamandla, ukufunxa kwamanzi kukhulu, kwaye kukho umoya kunye ne-oxygen eninzi kwi-substrate.Ingabonwa ukusuka ngakwesobunxele kwi-Figure 7 ukuba umxholo we-oksijini kwi-substrate uya kunyuka kancane emva kokunkcenkceshela phantsi komqathango wokuba umthamo wamanzi wokubamba i-substrate uphezulu kwaye umxholo womoya uphantsi kakhulu.Njengoko kubonisiwe ngasekunene komkhiwane.I-7, phantsi kwemeko yokukhanya okungcono, umxholo womoya kwi-substrate uyanda ngenxa yokunyuka kwamanzi amaninzi (amaxesha afanayo okunkcenkceshela).Impembelelo ehambelanayo yokunkcenkceshela kumxholo we-oksijeni kwi-substrate ingaphantsi kakhulu kunomthamo wokubamba amanzi (umxholo womoya) kwi-substrate.

Xoxa

Kwimveliso yokwenene, umxholo we-oksijini (umoya) kwindawo yengcambu yesityalo kulula ukuyihoywa, kodwa yinto ebalulekileyo yokuqinisekisa ukukhula okuqhelekileyo kwezityalo kunye nophuhliso olunempilo lweengcambu.

Ukuze ufumane esona sivuno siphezulu ngexesha lemveliso yesityalo, kubaluleke kakhulu ukukhusela imeko yenkqubo yeengcambu kwimeko engcono kangangoko.Uphononongo lubonise ukuba i-O₂umxholo kwindawo yeengcambu ezingaphantsi kwe-4mg/L uya kuba nefuthe elibi ekukhuleni kwesityalo.I-O₂umxholo kwindawo yeengcambu uphenjelelwa ikakhulu kukunkcenkceshela (umlinganiselo wokunkcenkceshela kunye nobuninzi), isakhiwo se-substrate, umxholo wamanzi we-substrate, i-greenhouse kunye ne-substrate yokushisa, kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo zokutyala ziya kwahluka.I-algae kunye ne-microorganisms nazo zinobudlelwane obuthile kunye nomxholo we-oksijini kwindawo yeengcambu zezityalo ze-hydroponic.I-Hypoxia ayibangeli nje ukukhula okucothayo kwezityalo, kodwa inyusa uxinzelelo lweengcambu zentsholongwane (pythium, phytophthora, fusarium) ekukhuleni kweengcambu.

Isicwangciso sokunkcenkceshela sinempembelelo ebalulekileyo kwi-O₂umxholo kwi-substrate, kwaye kwakhona yindlela elawulwa ngakumbi kwinkqubo yokutyala.Ezinye izifundo zokutyala i-rose ziye zafumanisa ukuba ukwandisa ngokukhawuleza umthamo wamanzi kwi-substrate (kusasa) unokufumana isimo esingcono se-oxygen.Kwi-substrate enegunya eliphantsi lokubamba amanzi, i-substrate inokugcina umxholo ophezulu we-oksijeni, kwaye ngexesha elifanayo, kuyimfuneko ukuphepha ukuhlukana komthamo wamanzi phakathi kwe-substrates ngokusebenzisa i-frequency ephezulu yokunkcenkceshela kunye nekhefu elifutshane.Okukhona usezantsi umthamo wokubamba amanzi kwiisubstrates, kokukhona umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwesubstrates.I-substrate emanzi, ubuninzi bokunkcenkceshela okuphantsi kunye nekhefu elide liqinisekisa ukutshintshwa komoya kunye neemeko ezifanelekileyo ze-oksijini.

Ukukhutshwa kwe-substrate enye into enempembelelo enkulu kwizinga lokuhlaziya kunye ne-oxygen concentration gradient kwi-substrate, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo kunye nomthamo wamanzi we-substrate.Ulwelo lokunkcenkceshela akufanele luhlale ezantsi kwe-substrate ixesha elide, kodwa kufuneka lukhutshwe ngokukhawuleza ukuze amanzi okunkcenkceshela aphuculwe nge-oxygen afikelele ezantsi kwe-substrate kwakhona.Isantya sokuhambisa amanzi sinokuphenjelelwa ngamanyathelo athile alula, afana ne-gradient ye-substrate kumkhombandlela we-longitudinal kunye nobubanzi.Okukhona ukuthambeka okukhulu, kokukhona isantya sokukhupha amanzi sikhawuleza.Ii-substrates ezahlukeneyo zineendawo ezivulekileyo ezahlukeneyo kwaye inani leendawo zokuthengisa lahlukile.

ISIPHELO

[ulwazi lokucaphula]

Xie Yuanpei.Iimpembelelo zesiqulatho seoksijini yokusingqongileyo kwiingcambu zezityalo zegreenhouse ekukhuleni kwesityalo [J].Ubuchwephesha bobuNjineli bezoLimo, 2022,42(31):21-24.