Isishwankathelo: Izithole zemifuno zezona nyathelo zokuqala kwimveliso yemifuno, kwaye umgangatho wezithole ubaluleke kakhulu kwisivuno kunye nomgangatho wemifuno emva kokutyala. Ngokuqhubeka nokuphucula ukwahlulwa kwabasebenzi kwishishini lemifuno, izithole zemifuno ziye zakha uthotho oluzimeleyo lwemizi-mveliso kwaye zakhonza imveliso yemifuno. Zichatshazelwa yimozulu embi, iindlela zemveli zokukhulisa izithole ngokungenakuphepheka zijongene nemingeni emininzi efana nokukhula kancinci kwezithole, ukukhula okuncinci, kunye nezinambuzane nezifo. Ukujongana nezithole ezincinci, abalimi abaninzi bezorhwebo basebenzisa abalawuli bokukhula. Nangona kunjalo, kukho imingcipheko yokuqina kwezithole, ukhuseleko lokutya kunye nongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo ngokusebenzisa abalawuli bokukhula. Ukongeza kwiindlela zokulawula iikhemikhali, nangona ukuvuselelwa koomatshini, ubushushu kunye nolawulo lwamanzi nako kunokudlala indima ekuthinteleni ukukhula okuncinci kwezithole, azilula kwaye azisebenzi kakuhle. Phantsi kwempembelelo yobhubhane omtsha we-Covid-19 kwihlabathi liphela, iingxaki zobunzima bolawulo lwemveliso ezibangelwa kukunqongophala kwabasebenzi kunye nokunyuka kweendleko zabasebenzi kwishishini lokukhulisa izithole ziye zabonakala ngakumbi.

Ngophuhliso lwetekhnoloji yokukhanyisa, ukusetyenziswa kokukhanya okwenziweyo ekukhuliseni izithole zemifuno kuneengenelo zokusebenza kakuhle kwezithole, izinambuzane nezifo ezimbalwa, kunye nokubekwa emgangathweni okulula. Xa kuthelekiswa nemithombo yokukhanya yendabuko, isizukulwana esitsha semithombo yokukhanya ye-LED sineempawu zokonga amandla, ukusebenza kakuhle, ubomi obude, ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo kunye nokuqina, ubungakanani obuncinci, imitha ephantsi yobushushu, kunye nobukhulu obuncinci bobude bewavelength. Inokwenza i-spectrum efanelekileyo ngokweemfuno zokukhula nophuhliso lwezithole kwindawo yefektri yezityalo, kwaye ilawule ngokuchanekileyo inkqubo ye-physiological kunye ne-metabolic yezithole, ngaxeshanye, inegalelo ekuveliseni izithole zemifuno ngaphandle kongcoliseko, ngokwemigangatho nangokukhawuleza, kwaye inciphisa umjikelo wezithole. EMzantsi China, kuthatha malunga neentsuku ezingama-60 ukukhulisa izithole zepepile kunye netamatato (amagqabi okwenyani ama-3-4) kwiindawo zokugcina izityalo zeplastiki, kunye malunga neentsuku ezingama-35 kwizithole zekhukhamba (amagqabi okwenyani ama-3-5). Phantsi kweemeko zefektri yezityalo, kuthatha iintsuku ezili-17 kuphela ukukhulisa izithole zetamatato kunye neentsuku ezingama-25 kwizithole zepepile phantsi kweemeko ze-photoperiod yeeyure ezingama-20 kunye ne-PPF engama-200-300 μmol/(m2•s). Xa kuthelekiswa nendlela eqhelekileyo yokulima izithole kwindawo eluhlaza, ukusetyenziswa kwendlela yokulima izithole yefektri yezityalo ze-LED kunciphise kakhulu umjikelo wokukhula kwekhukhamba ngeentsuku ezili-15-30, kwaye inani leentyatyambo zesifazane kunye neziqhamo kwisityalo ngasinye landa nge-33.8% kunye ne-37.3%, ngokulandelelana, kwaye isivuno esiphezulu sanda nge-71.44%.

Ngokuphathelele ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kweefektri zezityalo kuphezulu kunezo zeVenlo-type greenhouses ezikwi-latitude efanayo. Umzekelo, kwifektri yezityalo yaseSweden, kufuneka i-1411 MJ ivelise i-1 kg ye-dry matter yelettuce, ngelixa i-1699 MJ ifuneka kwi-greenhouse. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba umbane ofunekayo ngekhilogram ye-lettuce dry matter ibalwe, ifektri yezityalo ifuna i-247 kW·h ukuvelisa i-1 kg ye-dry matter yelettuce, kwaye ii-greenhouses eSweden, eNetherlands, nase-United Arab Emirates zifuna i-182 kW·h, 70 kW·h, kunye ne-111 kW·h, ngokwahlukeneyo.

Kwangaxeshanye, kwifektri yezityalo, ukusetyenziswa kweekhompyutha, izixhobo ezizenzekelayo, ubukrelekrele bokwenziwa kunye nezinye iitekhnoloji kunokulawula ngokuchanekileyo iimeko zokusingqongileyo ezifanelekileyo ekulinyweni kwezithole, kususwe imida yeemeko zokusingqongileyo kwendalo, kwaye kufezekiswe imveliso ekrelekrele, enobuchule kunye nezinzileyo yonyaka yemveliso yezithole. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, izithole zefektri yezityalo zisetyenzisiwe kwimveliso yorhwebo yemifuno enamagqabi, imifuno yeziqhamo kunye nezinye izityalo zoqoqosho eJapan, eMzantsi Korea, eYurophu nase-United States nakwamanye amazwe. Utyalo-mali olukhulu lokuqala lweefektri zezityalo, iindleko eziphezulu zokusebenza, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla amakhulu kwenkqubo kuseyimiqobo ethintela ukukhuthazwa kwetekhnoloji yokulima izithole kwiifektri zezityalo zaseTshayina. Ke ngoko, kuyimfuneko ukuqwalasela iimfuno zesivuno esiphezulu kunye nokonga amandla ngokwezicwangciso zolawulo lokukhanya, ukusekwa kweemodeli zokukhula kwemifuno, kunye nezixhobo zokwenza izinto ngokuzenzekelayo ukuphucula iingenelo zoqoqosho.

Kule nqaku, impembelelo yendalo yokukhanya kwe-LED ekukhuleni nasekuphuhlisweni kwezithole zemifuno kwiifektri zezityalo kwiminyaka yakutshanje ijongiwe, kunye nembono yesikhokelo sophando sokulawula ukukhanya kwezithole zemifuno kwiifektri zezityalo.

1. Imiphumo yoBume obuKhanyayo ekukhuleni nasekuphuhlisweni kweZithombo zeMifuno

Njengenye yezinto ezibalulekileyo kwindalo esingqongileyo ekukhuleni nasekuphuhlisweni kwezityalo, ukukhanya akusiyo nje kuphela umthombo wamandla kwizityalo ukuze zenze i-photosynthesis, kodwa kukwangumqondiso obalulekileyo ochaphazela i-photomorphogenesis yezityalo. Izityalo ziva indlela, amandla kunye nomgangatho wokukhanya kwesignali ngenkqubo yesignali yokukhanya, zilawula ukukhula kwazo kunye nophuhliso, kwaye zisabela kubukho okanye ukungabikho, ubude bomda, ubunzulu kunye nobude bokukhanya. Ii-photoreceptors zezityalo ezaziwayo ngoku ziquka ubuncinane iindidi ezintathu: ii-phytochromes (PHYA~PHYE) eziva ukukhanya okubomvu nokubomvu kakhulu (FR), ii-cryptochromes (CRY1 kunye ne-CRY2) eziva ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunye ne-ultraviolet A, kunye nee-Elements (Phot1 kunye ne-Phot2), i-UV-B receptor UVR8 eziva i-UV-B. Ezi photoreceptors zithatha inxaxheba kwaye zilawula ukubonakaliswa kwezakhi zofuzo ezinxulumene nazo kwaye emva koko zilawula imisebenzi yobomi efana nokuhluma kwembewu yezityalo, i-photomorphogenesis, ixesha lokudubula, ukwenziwa kunye nokuqokelelwa kwee-metabolites zesibini, kunye nokunyamezela uxinzelelo lwe-biotic kunye ne-abiotic.

2. Impembelelo yokukhanya kwe-LED kwindawo ekhula kuyo izithole zemifuno ngefotomorphological

2.1 Iziphumo zoMgangatho wokukhanya owahlukileyo kwi-Photomorphogenesis yeZithombo zeMifuno

Iindawo ezibomvu neziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ze-spectrum zinamandla aphezulu e-quantum kwi-photosynthesis yamagqabi ezityalo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuvezwa kwamagqabi ekhukhamba ixesha elide kukukhanya okubomvu okumsulwa kuya konakalisa inkqubo ye-photosystem, nto leyo ekhokelela kwi-"red light syndrome" efana nokusabela okuncinci kwesisu, ukwehla kwamandla e-photosynthesis kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokusetyenziswa kwe-nitrogen, kunye nokulibaziseka kokukhula. Phantsi kwemeko yokukhanya okuphantsi (100±5 μmol/(m2•s)), ukukhanya okubomvu okumsulwa kunokonakalisa ii-chloroplast zamagqabi amatsha nakhulileyo ekhukhamba, kodwa ii-chloroplast ezonakeleyo zafunyanwa emva kokuba zitshintshiwe ukusuka ekukhanyeni okubomvu okumsulwa ukuya ekukhanyeni okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (R:B= 7:3). Ngokuchasene noko, xa izityalo zekhukhamba zatshintsha ukusuka kwindawo yokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ukuya kwindawo yokukhanya okubomvu okumsulwa, ukusebenza kwe-photosynthesis akuzange kwehle kakhulu, okubonisa ukuziqhelanisa nendawo yokukhanya okubomvu. Ngokusebenzisa uhlalutyo lwe-electron microscope yesakhiwo segqabi lezityalo zekhukhamba ezine-"red light syndrome", abavavanyi bafumanise ukuba inani lee-chloroplast, ubungakanani bee-starch granules, kunye nobukhulu be-grana kumagqabi aphantsi kokukhanya okubomvu okumsulwa zaziphantsi kakhulu kunezo ziphantsi kokukhanya okumhlophe. Ukungenelela kokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuphucula isakhiwo esingaphezulu kunye neempawu ze-photosynthetic ze-chloroplast zekhukhamba kwaye kuphelisa ukuqokelelwa okugqithisileyo kwezondlo. Xa kuthelekiswa nokukhanya okumhlophe kunye nokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ukukhanya okubomvu okumsulwa kwakhuthaza ukwanda kwe-hypocotyl kunye nokwandiswa kwe-cotyledon kwezityalo zetamatato, kwandise kakhulu ubude besityalo kunye nommandla wamagqabi, kodwa kwanciphisa kakhulu amandla e-photosynthesis, kwanciphisa umxholo weRubisco kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwe-photochemical, kwaye kwandise kakhulu ukusasazwa kobushushu. Kuyabonakala ukuba iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezityalo zisabela ngokwahlukileyo kumgangatho ofanayo wokukhanya, kodwa xa kuthelekiswa nokukhanya kwe-monochromatic, izityalo zisebenza kakuhle kwi-photosynthesis kwaye zikhula ngamandla kwindawo yokukhanya okuxutyiweyo.

Abaphandi benze uphando oluninzi malunga nokwenza ngcono umgangatho wokukhanya kwezityalo zemifuno. Phantsi kokukhanya okufanayo, ngokonyuka komlinganiselo wokukhanya okubomvu, ubude besityalo kunye nobunzima obutsha bezityalo zetamatato kunye nekhukhamba buphuculwe kakhulu, kwaye unyango olunomlinganiselo obomvu ukuya koluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka we-3:1 lube nefuthe elihle; ngokuchaseneyo, umlinganiselo ophezulu wokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Kwathintela ukukhula kwezityalo zetamatato kunye nekhukhamba, ezazimfutshane kwaye zincinci, kodwa zonyusa umxholo wezinto ezomileyo kunye ne-chlorophyll kumahlumela ezityalo. Iipateni ezifanayo ziyabonwa kwezinye izityalo, ezifana neepepile kunye neevatala. Ukongeza, xa kuthelekiswa nokukhanya okumhlophe, ukukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (R:B=3:1) akuphuculanga kuphela ubukhulu bamagqabi, umxholo we-chlorophyll, ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-photosynthetic kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokudluliselwa kwe-electron kwezityalo zetamatato, kodwa kunye namanqanaba okubonakaliswa kwee-enzymes ezinxulumene nomjikelo weCalvin, ukukhula komxholo wemifuno kunye nokuqokelelwa kwe-carbohydrate nako kuphuculwe kakhulu. Ukuthelekisa umlinganiselo wesibini wokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (R:B=2:1, 4:1), umlinganiselo ophezulu wokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka wawuluncedo ngakumbi ekubangeleni ukwakheka kweentyatyambo zesifazane kwizithole zekhukhamba kwaye wakhawulezisa ixesha lokuqhakaza kweentyatyambo zesifazane. Nangona umlinganiselo owahlukileyo wokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka wawungenampembelelo ibalulekileyo kwisivuno esitsha sezityalo ze-kale, i-arugula, kunye ne-mustard, umlinganiselo ophezulu wokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (30% ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka) wawunciphisa kakhulu ubude be-hypocotyl kunye nendawo ye-cotyledon yezityalo ze-kale kunye ne-mustard, ngelixa umbala we-cotyledon usiba nzulu. Ke ngoko, ekuvelisweni kwezithole, ukonyuka okufanelekileyo kwinani lokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunokunciphisa kakhulu isithuba se-node kunye nendawo yamagqabi ezityalo zemifuno, kukhuthaze ulwandiso olusecaleni lwezithole, kwaye kuphuculwe isalathisi samandla ezithole, esilungele ukulima izithole ezomeleleyo. Phantsi kwemeko yokuba amandla okukhanya ahlalanga engatshintshanga, ukwanda kokukhanya okuluhlaza kukukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuphucule kakhulu ubunzima obutsha, indawo yamagqabi kunye nokuphakama kwezityalo zezityalo zepepile emnandi. Xa kuthelekiswa nesibane sendabuko esimhlophe esikhanyayo, phantsi kweemeko zokukhanya ezibomvu-luhlaza-luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (R3:G2:B5), i-Y[II], i-qP kunye ne-ETR yezityalo ze-'Okagi No. 1 tomato' ziphuculwe kakhulu. Ukongezwa kokukhanya kwe-UV (100 μmol/(m2•s) ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka + 7% UV-A) kukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okumsulwa kunciphise kakhulu isantya sokwandiswa kwesiqu se-arugula kunye ne-mustard, ngelixa ukongezwa kwe-FR kwakwahlukile. Oku kubonisa nokuba ukongeza kukukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ezinye iimpawu zokukhanya nazo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokukhula nophuhliso lwezityalo. Nangona ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet kunye ne-FR kungengomthombo wamandla we-photosynthesis, zombini zibandakanyeka kwi-photomorphogenesis yezityalo. Ukukhanya kwe-UV okunamandla aphezulu kuyingozi kwi-DNA yezityalo kunye neeproteni, njl. Nangona kunjalo, ukukhanya kwe-UV kuvuselela iimpendulo zoxinzelelo lweseli, kubangela utshintsho ekukhuleni kwezityalo, imo kunye nophuhliso ukuze zivumelane notshintsho lokusingqongileyo. Izifundo zibonise ukuba i-R/FR ephantsi ibangela iimpendulo zokuthintela umthunzi kwizityalo, nto leyo ebangela utshintsho kwisimo sezityalo, njengokwandiswa kwesiqu, ukuncitshiswa kwamagqabi, kunye nokuncipha kwesivuno sokomileyo. Isiqu esibhityileyo asilophawu oluhle lokukhula ekukhuliseni izithole ezomeleleyo. Kwizithole zemifuno ezinamagqabi kunye neziqhamo ngokubanzi, izithole eziqinileyo, ezincinci nezithambileyo azinangxaki ngexesha lokuthuthwa nokutyalwa.

I-UV-A ingenza izityalo zembewu yekhukhamba zibe mfutshane kwaye zibe ncinci, kwaye isivuno emva kokutshala asihlukanga kakhulu kweso solawulo; ngelixa i-UV-B inesiphumo esibalulekileyo sokuthintela, kwaye isiphumo sokunciphisa isivuno emva kokutshala asibalulekanga. Izifundo zangaphambili zibonise ukuba i-UV-A iyathintela ukukhula kwezityalo kwaye yenza izityalo zibe mfutshane. Kodwa kukho ubungqina obukhulayo bokuba ubukho be-UV-A, endaweni yokunciphisa i-biomass yesityalo, buyikhuthaza ngokwenene. Xa kuthelekiswa nokukhanya okubomvu nokumhlophe okusisiseko (R:W=2:3, i-PPFD yi-250 μmol/(m2·s)), amandla ongezelelweyo ekukhanyeni okubomvu nokumhlophe yi-10 W/m2 (malunga ne-10 μmol/(m2·s)) I-UV-A ye-kale yonyuse kakhulu i-biomass, ubude be-internode, ububanzi besiqu kunye nobubanzi be-canopy yesityalo sembewu ye-kale, kodwa isiphumo sokunyusa saba buthathaka xa amandla e-UV edlula i-10 W/m2. Ukongezwa kwe-UV-A iiyure ezi-2 imihla ngemihla (0.45 J/(m2•s)) kunokunyusa kakhulu ubude besityalo, indawo ye-cotyledon kunye nobunzima obutsha bezithole zetamatato 'ze-Oxheart', ngelixa kunciphisa umxholo we-H2O2 wezithole zetamatato. Kuyabonakala ukuba izityalo ezahlukeneyo zisabela ngokwahlukileyo kukukhanya kwe-UV, okunokunxulunyaniswa nokuziva kwezityalo kukukhanya kwe-UV.

Ukuze kukhuliswe izithole ezifakwe kwizityalo, ubude besiqu kufuneka bunyuswe ngokufanelekileyo ukuze kube lula ukuhluzwa kweengcambu. Ubukhulu obahlukeneyo be-FR buneziphumo ezahlukeneyo ekukhuleni kwezithole zetamatato, ipepile, ikhukhamba, igourd kunye ne-watermelon. Ukongezwa kwe-18.9 μmol/(m2•s) ye-FR ekukhanyeni okumhlophe okubandayo kunyuse kakhulu ubude be-hypocotyl kunye nobubanzi besiqu sezithole zetamatato kunye nepepile; i-FR ye-34.1 μmol/(m2•s) ibe nefuthe elihle ekukhuthazeni ubude be-hypocotyl kunye nobubanzi besiqu sezithole zekhukhamba, igourd kunye ne-watermelon; i-FR enamandla kakhulu (53.4 μmol/(m2•s)) ibe nefuthe elihle kwezi mifuno zintlanu. Ubude be-hypocotyl kunye nobubanzi besiqu sezithole abusakhuli kakhulu, kwaye baqala ukubonisa umkhwa wokuhla. Ubunzima obutsha bezithole zepepile behle kakhulu, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba amaxabiso e-FR saturation ezithole zemifuno ezintlanu zonke ayephantsi kwe-53.4 μmol/(m2•s), kwaye ixabiso le-FR laliphantsi kakhulu kunele-FR. Imiphumo ekukhuleni kwezithole zemifuno ezahlukeneyo nayo yahlukile.

2.2 Iziphumo zeMinilight Integral eyahlukeneyo kwiPhotomorphogenesis yeZithombo zeMifuno

I-Daylight Integral (DLI) imele inani lilonke leefotoni ze-photosynthetic ezifunyenwe ngumphezulu wesityalo ngosuku, nto leyo enxulumene nokukhanya okukhulu kunye nexesha lokukhanya. Ifomyula yokubala yi-DLI (mol/m2/ngosuku) = ukukhanya okukhulu [μmol/(m2•s)] × Ixesha lokukhanya kwemihla ngemihla (h) × 3600 × 10-6. Kwindawo enokukhanya okuncinci, izityalo zisabela kwimeko yokukhanya okuncinci ngokwandisa ubude besiqu kunye ne-internode, ukwandisa ubude besityalo, ubude be-petiole kunye nendawo yegqabi, kunye nokunciphisa ubukhulu begqabi kunye nesantya se-photosynthetic. Ngokunyuka kokukhanya okukhulu, ngaphandle kwe-mustard, ubude be-hypocotyl kunye nokwandiswa kwesiqu se-arugula, ikhaphetshu kunye ne-kale phantsi komgangatho ofanayo wokukhanya kwehla kakhulu. Kuyabonakala ukuba impembelelo yokukhanya ekukhuleni kwesityalo kunye ne-morphogenesis inxulumene nokukhanya okukhulu kunye neentlobo zezityalo. Ngokunyuka kwe-DLI (8.64~28.8 mol/m2/ngosuku), uhlobo lwesityalo sezithole zekhukhamba lwaba mfutshane, lomelele kwaye luncinci, kwaye ubunzima bamagqabi athile kunye nomxholo we-chlorophyll wehla kancinci kancinci. Emva kweentsuku ezi-6 ~ 16 emva kokuhlwayelwa kwezithole zekhukhamba, amagqabi kunye neengcambu zomile. Ubunzima banda kancinci kancinci, kwaye izinga lokukhula landa kancinci kancinci, kodwa emva kweentsuku ezili-16 ukuya kwezingama-21 emva kokuhlwayelwa, izinga lokukhula kwamagqabi kunye neengcambu zezithole zekhukhamba lehla kakhulu. I-DLI ephuculweyo ikhuthaze izinga le-photosynthesis lezithole zekhukhamba, kodwa emva kwexabiso elithile, izinga le-photosynthesis lehlile. Ke ngoko, ukukhetha i-DLI efanelekileyo kunye nokusebenzisa amaqhinga okukhanya ahlukeneyo kumanqanaba okukhula ahlukeneyo ezithole kunokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla. Umxholo weswekile enyibilikayo kunye ne-SOD enzyme kwizithole zekhukhamba kunye netamatato wanda ngokwanda kobunzima be-DLI. Xa i-DLI intensity yanda ukusuka kwi-7.47 mol/m2/ngosuku ukuya kwi-11.26 mol/m2/ngosuku, umxholo weswekile enyibilikayo kunye ne-SOD enzyme kwizithole zekhukhamba wanda nge-81.03%, kunye ne-55.5% ngokwahlukeneyo. Phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo ze-DLI, ngokwanda kwe-light strength kunye nokuncipha kwexesha lokukhanya, umsebenzi we-PSII wezithole zetamatato kunye nekhukhamba wathintelwa, kwaye ukukhetha icebo lokukhanya elongezelelweyo elinokukhanya okuphantsi kunye nexesha elide kwakunceda ngakumbi ekukhuliseni i-seedling index ephezulu kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwe-photochemical kwezithole zekhukhamba kunye nekhukhamba.

Kwimveliso yezityalo ezityalwe kwizityalo, indawo engaphantsi kokukhanya inokukhokelela ekunciphiseni umgangatho wezityalo ezityalwe kwizityalo kunye nokwanda kwexesha lokuphiliswa. Ukukhanya okufanelekileyo akunakukhulisa kuphela amandla okubopha kwendawo yokuphilisa etyalwe kwizityalo kunye nokuphucula isalathisi sezityalo ezinamandla, kodwa kunciphise nendawo yamaqhuqhuva eentyatyambo zesifazane kwaye kwandise inani leentyatyambo zesifazane. Kwimizi-mveliso yezityalo, i-DLI ye-2.5-7.5 mol/m2/ngosuku yayanele ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zokuphilisa zezityalo ezityalwe kwizityalo zetamatato. Ubunzima kunye nobukhulu bamagqabi ezityalo zetamatato ezityalwe kwizityalo kwanda kakhulu ngokwanda kobunzima be-DLI. Oku kubonisa ukuba izityalo ezityalwe kwizityalo azidingi ukukhanya okuphezulu ukuze ziphiliswe. Ke ngoko, xa kujongwa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kunye nendawo yokutyala, ukukhetha ukukhanya okufanelekileyo kuya kunceda ukuphucula iingenelo zoqoqosho.

3. Imiphumo yokukhanya kwe-LED ekuchaseni uxinzelelo lwezityalo zemifuno

Izityalo zifumana imiqondiso yokukhanya yangaphandle ngee-photoreceptors, nto leyo ebangela ukuhlanganiswa kunye nokuqokelelwa kweemolekyuli zesignali kwisityalo, ngaloo ndlela zitshintsha ukukhula kunye nokusebenza kwamalungu ezityalo, kwaye ekugqibeleni ziphucule ukumelana kwesityalo noxinzelelo. Umgangatho wokukhanya owahlukileyo unefuthe elithile lokunyusa ekuphuculeni ukunyamezela ukubanda kunye nokunyamezela ityuwa kwizityalo. Umzekelo, xa izithole zetamatato zongezwa ngokukhanya iiyure ezi-4 ebusuku, xa kuthelekiswa nonyango ngaphandle kokukhanya okongezelelweyo, ukukhanya okumhlophe, ukukhanya okubomvu, ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kunye nokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunokunciphisa ukungena kwe-electrolyte kunye nomxholo we-MDA kwizithole zetamatato, kwaye kuphucule ukunyamezela ukubanda. Imisebenzi ye-SOD, i-POD kunye ne-CAT kwizithole zetamatato phantsi konyango lwe-8:2 red-blue ratio yayiphezulu kakhulu kuneyezinye iindlela zonyango, kwaye zazinamandla aphezulu okulwa ne-antioxidant kunye nokunyamezela ukubanda.

Impembelelo ye-UV-B ekukhuleni kweengcambu zesoya ikakhulu kukuphucula ukumelana noxinzelelo lwezityalo ngokunyusa umxholo we-NO kunye ne-ROS yengcambu, kubandakanya iimolekyuli ze-hormone signaling ezifana ne-ABA, SA, kunye ne-JA, kwaye zithintele uphuhliso lweengcambu ngokunciphisa umxholo we-IAA, CTK, kunye ne-GA. I-photoreceptor ye-UV-B, i-UVR8, ayibandakanyeki kuphela ekulawuleni i-photomorphogenesis, kodwa ikwadlala indima ebalulekileyo kuxinzelelo lwe-UV-B. Kwizityalo zetamatato, i-UVR8 ilawula ukwenziwa kunye nokuqokelelwa kwee-anthocyanins, kwaye izityalo zetamatato zasendle eziqhelene ne-UV ziphucula amandla azo okujongana noxinzelelo lwe-UV-B olunamandla aphezulu. Nangona kunjalo, ukulungiswa kwe-UV-B kuxinzelelo lwembalela olubangelwa yi-Arabidopsis akuxhomekanga kwindlela ye-UVR8, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba i-UV-B isebenza njengempendulo ehambelanayo yeendlela zokukhusela izityalo, ukuze iintlobo ngeentlobo zeehormone zibandakanyeke ngokudibeneyo ekuchaseni uxinzelelo lwembalela, okwandisa amandla okuhlutha i-ROS.

Ukunwebeka kwe-hypocotyl yesityalo okanye isiqu okubangelwa yi-FR kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwezityalo kuxinzelelo lokubanda kulawulwa ziihomoni zezityalo. Ke ngoko, "isiphumo sokuphepha umthunzi" esibangelwa yi-FR sinxulumene nokulungelelaniswa kokubanda kwezityalo. Abavavanyi bongeze izithole zerhasi kwiintsuku ezili-18 emva kokuhluma kwi-15°C kangangeentsuku ezili-10, bephola ukuya kwi-5°C + ukongezelela i-FR kangangeentsuku ezisi-7, kwaye bafumanisa ukuba xa kuthelekiswa nonyango lokukhanya okumhlophe, i-FR yonyusa ukumelana nokubanda kwezithole zerhasi. Le nkqubo ihamba nokwanda komxholo we-ABA kunye ne-IAA kwizithole zerhasi. Ukudluliselwa okulandelayo kwezithole zerhasi ezilungisiweyo kwangaphambili ze-15°C ukuya kwi-5°C kunye nokongezwa okuqhubekayo kwe-FR kangangeentsuku ezisi-7 kubangele iziphumo ezifanayo kunyango olubini olungentla, kodwa kunye nokunciphisa impendulo ye-ABA. Izityalo ezinexabiso elahlukileyo le-R:FR zilawula i-biosynthesis ye-phytohormones (GA, IAA, CTK, kunye ne-ABA), ezibandakanyekayo ekunyamezeleni ityuwa yezityalo. Phantsi koxinzelelo lwetyuwa, indawo engaphantsi komlinganiselo we-R:FR ukukhanya inokuphucula amandla e-antioxidant kunye ne-photosynthetic ezityalo zetamatato, inciphise imveliso ye-ROS kunye ne-MDA kwizityalo, kwaye iphucule ukunyamezela ityuwa. Uxinzelelo lwetyuwa kunye nexabiso eliphantsi le-R:FR (R:FR=0.8) zithintele i-biosynthesis ye-chlorophyll, enokuthi inxulunyaniswe nokuguqulwa kwe-PBG kwi-UroIII kwindlela yokwenziwa kwe-chlorophyll, ngelixa indawo engaphantsi kwe-R:FR inokunciphisa ngempumelelo ityuwa Ukuphazamiseka kokwenziwa kwe-chlorophyll okubangelwa luxinzelelo. Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ulwalamano olubalulekileyo phakathi kwe-phytochromes kunye nokunyamezela ityuwa.

Ukongeza kwindawo ekhanyayo, ezinye izinto ezikwimeko yokusingqongileyo nazo zichaphazela ukukhula kunye nomgangatho wezityalo zemifuno. Umzekelo, ukunyuka koxinzelelo lwe-CO2 kuya kwandisa ixabiso eliphezulu lokugcwala kokukhanya i-Pn (Pnmax), kunciphisa indawo yokuhlawula ukukhanya, kwaye kuphucule ukusebenza kakuhle kokukhanya. Ukwanda kobukhali bokukhanya kunye noxinzelelo lwe-CO2 kunceda ukuphucula umxholo weepigment ze-photosynthetic, ukusebenza kakuhle kokusetyenziswa kwamanzi kunye nemisebenzi yee-enzymes ezinxulumene nomjikelo weCalvin, kwaye ekugqibeleni kufezekiswe ukusebenza okuphezulu kwe-photosynthetic kunye nokuqokelelwa kwezityalo zetamatato ngebhayomass. Ubunzima obomileyo kunye nokuxinana kwezityalo zetamatato kunye nepepile kunxulunyaniswe kakuhle ne-DLI, kwaye utshintsho lobushushu luchaphazele nokukhula phantsi konyango olufanayo lwe-DLI. Indawo engqongileyo ye-23~25℃ yayifanelekile ngakumbi ekukhuleni kwezityalo zetamatato. Ngokweemeko zobushushu kunye nokukhanya, abaphandi baphuhlise indlela yokuqikelela izinga lokukhula kwepepile ngokusekelwe kwimodeli yokusasazwa kwe-bate, enokubonelela ngesikhokelo sesayensi sokulawula imeko yokusingqongileyo yemveliso yezityalo ezifakwe kwipepile.

Ngoko ke, xa kuqulunqwa iskimu sokulawula ukukhanya kwimveliso, akufuneki kuqwalaselwe kuphela izinto ezichaphazela ukukhanya kunye neentlobo zezityalo, kodwa kufuneka kuqwalaselwe nezinto ezichaphazela ukulima nokulawula ezifana nokutya kwezithole kunye nolawulo lwamanzi, imeko yegesi, ubushushu, kunye nenqanaba lokukhula kwezithole.

4. Iingxaki kunye neembono

Okokuqala, ukulawulwa kokukhanya kwezithole zemifuno yinkqubo entsonkothileyo, kwaye iziphumo zeemeko ezahlukeneyo zokukhanya kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezithole zemifuno kwindawo yefektri yezityalo kufuneka zihlalutywe ngokweenkcukacha. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuze kufezekiswe injongo yokuveliswa kwezithole ngendlela efanelekileyo nesemgangathweni, kufuneka uphando oluqhubekayo ukuze kusekwe inkqubo yobugcisa evuthiweyo.

Okwesibini, nangona izinga lokusetyenziswa kwamandla lomthombo wokukhanya kwe-LED liphezulu, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kwizibane zezityalo yeyona nto iphambili ekusetyenzisweni kwamandla ekulimeni izithole kusetyenziswa ukukhanya okwenziweyo. Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla amakhulu kwimizi-mveliso yezityalo kusengumngeni othintela uphuhliso lweemizi-mveliso zezityalo.

Okokugqibela, ngokusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwezibane zezityalo kwezolimo, iindleko zezibane zezityalo ze-LED kulindeleke ukuba zinciphe kakhulu kwixesha elizayo; ngokuchaseneyo, ukunyuka kweendleko zabasebenzi, ingakumbi kwixesha lasemva kobhubhane, ukunqongophala kwabasebenzi kuya kukhuthaza inkqubo yokwenziwa koomatshini kunye nokwenza imveliso ngokuzenzekelayo. Kwixesha elizayo, iimodeli zolawulo ezisekelwe kubukrelekrele bokwenziwa kunye nezixhobo zokuvelisa ezikrelekrele ziya kuba yenye yeendlela eziphambili zokuvelisa izithombo zemifuno, kwaye ziya kuqhubeka nokukhuthaza uphuhliso lwetekhnoloji yezithombo zefektri yezityalo.

Ababhali: Jiehui Tan, Houcheng Liu
Umthombo wenqaku: Ingxelo yeWechat yeTekhnoloji yoBunjineli bezoLimo (ukulima izityalo eziluhlaza)