original Zhang Zhuoyan Greenhouse Horticulture Agricultural Engineering Technology 2022-09-09 17:20 iThunyelwe eBeijing

Iintlobo ze-greenhouse eziqhelekileyo kunye neempawu zokulima amaqunube

Amaqunube avunwa unyaka wonke kumantla eTshayina kwaye afuna ukulinywa kwigreenhouse.Nangona kunjalo, iingxaki ezahlukeneyo zafunyanwa kwinkqubo yokutyala yokwenyani kusetyenziswa iintlobo ngeentlobo zezixhobo ezinje ngeendawo zokugcina izityalo zelanga, iindawo zokugcina izityalo ezininzi, kunye neendawo zokugcina izityalo zefilimu.

01 I-Greenhouse yefilimu

Inzuzo yokukhula kwamajikijolo kwi-greenhouse yefilimu kukuba kukho ukuvuleka kwe-ventilation emine kumacala omabini kunye nephezulu ye-greenhouse, nganye inobubanzi be-50-80cm, kwaye umphumo wokungena umoya ulungile.Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuba kungenakulungeleka ukongeza izinto zokufakelwa kwe-thermal ezifana ne-quilts, umphumo we-thermal insulation ubi.Iqondo lokushisa eliphantsi kakhulu ebusuku kubusika basemantla ngu-9 ° C, kunye neqondo lokushisa eliqhelekileyo kwifilimu eluhlaza yi -8 ° C.Amaqunube awanakukhuliswa ebusika.

02 I-Solar Greenhouse

Inzuzo yokukhulisa amajikijolo kwi-greenhouse yelanga kukuba xa ubuncinci beqondo lokushisa ebusuku kumantla ebusika -9 ° C, ubushushu obuqhelekileyo kwi-greenhouse yelanga bunokufikelela kwi-8 ° C.Nangona kunjalo, udonga lomhlaba lwe-solar greenhouse lukhokelela kumlinganiselo ophantsi wokusetyenziswa komhlaba.Ngelo xesha, kukho ukuvuleka kwe-ventilation ezimbini kwicala elingasezantsi kunye nephezulu ye-greenhouse yelanga, nganye inobubanzi be-50-80cm, kwaye umphumo wokungena umoya awulungile.

03 Indlu yokukhulisela izityalo ezininzi

Inzuzo yokukhula kwamajikijolo kwi-multi-span ifilimu ye-greenhouse kukuba isakhiwo se-multi-span greenhouse asihlali kwiifama ezongezelelweyo, kwaye izinga lokusetyenziswa komhlaba liphezulu.Kukho iindawo ezisibhozo zokuvula impepho kumacala amane kunye nomphezulu wendlu yokukhulisela izityalo ezininzi (thatha i30m×30m yegreenhouse enespan ezininzi njengomzekelo).Umphumo wokungenisa umoya uqinisekisiwe.Nangona kunjalo, xa ubuncinci beqondo lokushisa ebusuku kumantla ebusika -9 ° C, iqondo lokushisa eliqhelekileyo kwi-multi-span greenhouse greenhouse yi -7 ° C.Ebusika, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla emihla ngemihla ukugcina ubuncinci beqondo lobushushu bendlu ukuya kwi-15°C ngokukhula kwequnube eliqhelekileyo linokufikelela kuma-340 kW•h/667m.².

Ukususela kwi-2018 ukuya kwi-2022, iqela lombhali liye lavavanya kwaye lithelekisa imiphumo yesicelo sefilimu eluhlaza, i-solar greenhouses kunye ne-multi-span greenhouses.Ngelo xesha, i-greenhouse ehlakaniphile efanelekileyo yokulima amajikijolo yenzelwe kwaye yakhiwe ngendlela ejoliswe kuyo.

Ukuthelekiswa kweempawu eziphambili ze-greenhouse eyahlukeneyo

Iindawo zokuhlala zefilimu, iindawo zokugcina izityalo zelanga kunye neendawo zokugcina izityalo ezininzi

I-greenhouse ephindwe kabini yamaqunube

Ngokwesiseko se-greenhouses eziqhelekileyo, iqela lombhali lenze kwaye lakha i-greenhouse ephindwe kabini yokutyala amajikijolo, kwaye lenze ukutyalwa kwetyala kunye ne-raspberries njengomzekelo.Iziphumo zabonisa ukuba i-greenhouse entsha idala indawo ekhulayo efanelekileyo yokutyala amaqunube, kwaye iphucule incasa kunye nomxholo wezondlo zamaqunube.

ISiqhamo Sokudityaniswa Kwezondlo

I-greenhouse ephindwe kabini

I-double-span greenhouse luhlobo olutsha lwe-greenhouse enempembelelo yokungenisa umoya, isiphumo sokukhanyisa kunye nesantya sokusetyenziswa komhlaba sikulungele ngakumbi ukulima amaqunube.Iiparamitha zesakhiwo ziboniswe kwitheyibhile engezantsi.

Iprofayile yegreenhouse ephindwe kabini/mm

Iiparamitha zesakhiwo se-greenhouse ephindwe kabini

Ubude bokutyala amajikijolo buhluke ekuphakameni kokutyala imifuno yendabuko.Iindidi ze-raspberry ezilinyiweyo zingafikelela ngaphezu kwe-2m.Kwicala elisezantsi le-greenhouse, izityalo zeberry ziya kuba ziphezulu kakhulu kwaye ziphule ifilimu.Ukukhula kwamaqunube kufuna ukukhanya okuqinileyo (itotali yemitha yelanga 400 ~ 800 iiyunithi zemitha (10)⁴W/m²).Inokubonwa kwitheyibhile engezantsi ukuba ixesha elide lokukhanya kunye nokukhanya okuphezulu ehlotyeni kunempembelelo encinci kumaqunube, kwaye ebusika ukukhanya okuphantsi kunye nexesha elifutshane lokukhanya kubangele ukuhla okubonakalayo kwisivuno samaqunube.Kukho nokwahluka ekukhanyeni kokukhanya emacaleni angasentla nakumazantsi e-greenhouse yelanga, ekhokelela ekuhlukeni kokukhula kwezityalo kumantla nakumazantsi.Uluhlu lomhlaba wokwakhiwa kwodonga lomhlaba we-greenhouse yelanga lonakaliswe kakhulu, izinga lokusetyenziswa komhlaba lisiqingatha kuphela, kwaye imilinganiselo yemvula yonakaliswe ngokunyuka kobomi benkonzo.

iziphumo zokukhanya kunye nokukhanya kwexesha kwisivuno samaqunube ebusika nasehlotyeni

ukusetyenziswa komhlaba

01 Ukungenisa umoya kwi-Greenhouse

I-greenhouse entsha ephindwe kabini inyuse ukuphakama kwe-downwind vevent kwindawo ephantsi kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho filimu kwindawo yokutyala enokuthintela ukukhula kwezityalo.Xa kuthelekiswa neendawo ezisezantsi ezinobubanzi obuyi-0.4-0.6m kwiindawo eziqhelekileyo zelanga, iifestile ezinobubanzi obuyi-1.2-1.5m kwi-double-span greenhouse ziye zaphinda kabini indawo yokungenisa umoya.

02 Izinga lokusetyenziswa komhlaba wegreenhouse kunye noKufudumeza nokuKhusela

I-double-span greenhouse ixhomekeke kwisithuba se-16m kunye nobude obuyi-5.5m.Xa kuthelekiswa neendawo eziqhelekileyo ze-greenhouses zelanga, indawo yangaphakathi iphindwe ngama-1.5 amakhulu, kwaye i-95% yendawo yokutyala yangempela ifunyenwe ngaphandle kokwakha iindonga zomhlaba, okuphucula izinga lokusetyenziswa komhlaba ngaphezu kwe-40%.Ngokwahlukileyo eludongeni lomhlaba olwakhelwe ukufakwa kwe-thermal kunye nokugcinwa kobushushu kwii-greenhouses zelanga, i-double-span greenhouse ithatha inkqubo yangaphakathi yokufakelwa kwe-thermal kunye nenkqubo yokufudumeza umbhobho wokufudumeza umgangatho, ongahlali kwindawo yokutyala.Ububanzi obukhulu buzisa indawo ephindwe kabini kunye nomthamo wokuhambisa ukukhanya, okwandisa ukugcinwa kobushushu bomhlaba nge-0 ~ 5 ° C unyaka nonyaka.Kwangaxeshanye, i-insulation insulation quilt yangaphakathi kunye nesethi yomgangatho wokufudumeza umbhobho wokufudumeza iinkqubo zongezwa kwi-greenhouse ukuze kugcinwe ubushushu bangaphakathi be-greenhouse ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-15 ° C phantsi kwamaza abandayo angama-20 ° C ebusika basenyakatho; ngaloo ndlela iqinisekisa imveliso eqhelekileyo yamaqunube ebusika.

03 Izibane zeGreenhouse

Ukukhula kwamaqunube kuneemfuno eziphezulu ekukhanyeni, ezifuna i-radiation epheleleyo yelanga ye-400-800 yeeyunithi zemitha (10).⁴W/m²) yokuqina kokukhanya.Izinto ezichaphazela ukukhanya kwe-greenhouse ziquka iimeko zemozulu, amaxesha onyaka, ubude kunye nezakhiwo zokwakha.Ezokuqala ezintathu zizinto zendalo kwaye azilawulwa ngabantu, ngelixa ezokugqibela zilawulwa ngabantu.Ukukhanya kwe-greenhouse kuhambelana kakhulu ne-greenhouse orientation (ngaphakathi kwe-10 ° emazantsi okanye emantla), i-angle yephahla (20 ~ 40 °), indawo yomthunzi wezinto zokwakha, ukuhanjiswa kokukhanya kwefilimu yeplastiki kunye nokungcola, amaconsi amanzi, idigri yokuguga, ezi zizinto eziphambili ezichaphazela ukukhanya kwe-greenhouse.Ukurhoxisa i-insulation yangaphandle ye-thermal kwaye wamkele isakhiwo sokufakelwa kwe-thermal yangaphakathi, enokunciphisa indawo ye-shading nge-20%.Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kokuhanjiswa kokukhanya kunye nobomi benkonzo obusebenzayo befilimu, kuyimfuneko ukususa amanzi emvula kunye nekhephu ebusweni befilimu ngexesha.Emva kovavanyo, kwafunyaniswa ukuba i-engile yophahla 25 ~ 27° inceda kakhulu ekuwiseni kwemvula nekhephu.Ubude obukhulu be-greenhouse kunye nokuhlelwa komntla-kumzantsi kunokwenza iyunifomu yokukhanyisa ukusombulula ingxaki yokungahambelani kokukhula kwezityalo kwi-greenhouse efanayo.

Igumbi elikhethekileyo leplastiki elikhulu lokufakelwa kwe-thermal greenhouse kumaqunube

Iqela lombhali liphande kwaye lakha i-greenhouse enkulu.Le greenhouse ineenzuzo ezinkulu kulwakhiwo lweendleko-ukusebenza, isivuno samaqunube kunye nokusebenza kokufakelwa kwe-thermal.

Iiparamitha zesakhiwo esikhulu se-greenhouse

Isakhiwo esikhulu se-greenhouse

01 Inzuzo yobushushu

I-greenhouse ye-span enkulu ayifuni iindonga zomhlaba, kwaye izinga lokusebenzisa umhlaba we-greenhouse yelanga eqhelekileyo yonyuka ngaphezu kwe-30%.Kufunyaniswe ukuba indawo enkulu yangaphandle yokugquma kwe-thermal greenhouse yeplastiki inokufikelela kwi-6°C xa iqondo lobushushu langaphandle liku-15°C, kwaye umahluko wobushushu phakathi kwangaphakathi nangaphandle yi-21°C.Ngokubhekiselele kwi-thermal insulation, kufana nokusebenza kwe-solar greenhouse.

Ukuthelekiswa kokugqunyelelwa kwe-thermal kunye nokusebenza kokutshatyalaliswa kobushushu phakathi kwe-greenhouse enkulu kunye ne-solar greenhouse ebusika.

02 Izinto eziluncedo kwisakhiwo

Isibonelelo sinesakhiwo esinengqiqo, isiseko esiqinileyo, ukumelana nomoya webanga le-10, umthwalo wekhephu we-0.43kN / m², ukuchasana okunamandla kwiintlekele zendalo ezifana nemvula kunye nokuqokelela ikhephu, kunye nobomi benkonzo obungaphezu kweminyaka eyi-15.Xa kuthelekiswa neendawo zokuhlala eziqhelekileyo, indawo yangaphakathi yendawo enye yanda ngamaxesha angama-2 ~ 3, alungele ukusebenza ngoomatshini, kwaye ifanelekile ukutyalwa kwezityalo ezinezityalo ezide (2m ± 1m).

03 Ukukhanya kunye neendawo eziluncedo zokusingqongileyo

Iindawo ezinkulu zokukhulisa izityalo ziluncedo kakhulu kulawulo lwabasebenzi kunye nokucwangciswa kokutyala ngomlinganiselo omkhulu, kwaye zinokunqanda ngempumelelo inkcitho yabasebenzi.Uyilo lophahla lwe-greenhouse enkulu-span luthathela ingqalelo ngokupheleleyo i-angle yokuphakama kwelanga kunye ne-angle yesiganeko sokukhanya kwelanga kumphezulu wefilimu phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo zobubanzi, ukuze yenze iimeko ezifanelekileyo zokukhanyisa ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo kunye namaxesha ahlukeneyo eziganeko zokukhanya kwelanga (ezidibeneyo kunye ne-angle phakathi kwendawo yefilimu kunye nomhlaba yi-27 ° ukuba imvula kunye nekhephu zityibilike phantsi ngokubanzi) , ukuze kuncitshiswe ukusasazeka kunye nokuchithwa kokukhanya kangangoko kunokwenzeka, kunye nokwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla elanga.Isithuba se-greenhouse ye-span enkulu yanda ngamaxesha angaphezu kwama-2, kunye ne-CO₂ ngokumalunga nomoya kwandiswe ngamaxesha angaphezu kwama-2, okulungele ukukhula kwezityalo kunye nokufezekisa injongo yokwandisa imveliso.

Ukuthelekiswa kwezibonelelo ezahlukeneyo zokukhulisa amajikijolo

Injongo yokwakha i-greenhouse efanelekileyo ngakumbi yokutyala amaqunube kukufumana indawo yokukhula ebalulekileyo kunye nolawulo lokusingqongileyo ekutyaleni amaqunube, kwaye ukukhula kwezityalo nge-intuitively kubonakalisa iingenelo kunye nokungalunganga kokukhula kwazo.

Ukuthelekiswa kokukhula kwama-raspberries kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zokugcina izityalo

Ukuthelekiswa kokukhula kwama-raspberries kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zokugcina izityalo

Ubuninzi kunye nomgangatho wesivuno seraspberry sikwaxhomekeke kwindawo ekhulayo kunye nolawulo lokusingqongileyo.Umgangatho wokuthotyelwa kweziqhamo zodidi lokuqala ungaphezulu kwe 70% kunye nemveliso ye 4t/667m² kuthetha iingeniso eziphezulu.

uthelekiso lwesivuno segreenhouses ezahlukeneyo kunye nomgangatho wokuthotyelwa kweziqhamo zodidi lokuqala

Iimveliso zeRaspberry 

Ulwazi lokucaphula

Zhang Zhuoyan.Isakhiwo esikhethekileyo esilungele ukulima amaqunube [J].Ubuchwephesha bobuNjineli bezoLimo, 2022,42(22):12-15.