Umbhali: UYamin Li kunye noHoucheng Liu, njl.njl., abavela kwiKholeji yoLimo lweZityalo, kwiYunivesithi yezoLimo yaseMzantsi China

Umthombo weNqaku: I-Greenhouse Horticulture

Iindidi zezibonelelo zokulima izityalo ziquka ikakhulu ii-greenhouse zeplastiki, ii-greenhouse zelanga, ii-greenhouse ezine-multi-span, kunye neefektri zezityalo. Ngenxa yokuba izakhiwo zezakhiwo zivala imithombo yokukhanya kwendalo ukuya kwinqanaba elithile, akukho kukhanya kwaneleyo ngaphakathi, nto leyo enciphisa isivuno sezityalo kunye nomgangatho. Ke ngoko, ukukhanya okongezelelweyo kudlala indima ebalulekileyo kwizityalo ezikumgangatho ophezulu nezivelisa isivuno esiphezulu zesakhiwo, kodwa kukwayeyona nto iphambili ekwandeni kokusetyenziswa kwamandla kunye neendleko zokusebenza kwiziko.

Kangangexesha elide, imithombo yokukhanya eyenziweyo esetyenziswa kwicandelo lezolimo lwezakhiwo ibandakanya isibane sesodiyam esinoxinzelelo oluphezulu, isibane se-fluorescent, isibane se-halogen sesinyithi, isibane se-incandescent, njl. Iingxaki eziphambili kukuveliswa kobushushu obuphezulu, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphezulu kunye neendleko eziphezulu zokusebenza. Uphuhliso lwe-diode entsha yokukhupha ukukhanya (i-LED) lwenza kube nokwenzeka ukusebenzisa umthombo wokukhanya owenziweyo onamandla aphantsi kwicandelo lezolimo lwezakhiwo. I-LED ineenzuzo zokusebenza kakuhle kwe-photoelectric, amandla e-DC, umthamo omncinci, ubomi obude, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi, ubude obungaguqukiyo, imitha yobushushu ephantsi kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo. Xa kuthelekiswa nesibane sesodiyam esinoxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye nesibane se-fluorescent esisetyenziswa rhoqo ngoku, i-LED ayinakulungisa kuphela ubungakanani bokukhanya kunye nomgangatho (umlinganiselo wokukhanya okwahlukeneyo) ngokweemfuno zokukhula kwezityalo, kwaye inokukhanyisela izityalo kufutshane ngenxa yokukhanya kwayo okubandayo, Ke ngoko, inani leeleya zokulima kunye nesantya sokusetyenziswa kwendawo sinokuphuculwa, kwaye imisebenzi yokonga amandla, ukukhuselwa kwendalo kunye nokusetyenziswa kakuhle kwendawo okungenakutshintshwa ngumthombo wokukhanya wendabuko inokufezekiswa.

Ngokusekelwe kwezi nzuzo, i-LED isetyenzisiwe ngempumelelo kwizibane zezityalo, uphando olusisiseko lwendalo elawulekayo, inkcubeko yezicubu zezityalo, izithombo zefektri yezityalo kunye ne-ecosystem ye-aerospace. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukusebenza kwezibane ze-LED zokukhulisa izityalo kuyaphucuka, ixabiso liyehla, kwaye zonke iintlobo zeemveliso ezinamaza athile ziphuhliswa kancinci kancinci, ngoko ke ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwicandelo lezolimo kunye nebhayoloji kuya kuba banzi.

Eli nqaku lishwankathela imeko yophando lwe-LED kwicandelo lezolimo lwezityalo, ligxile ekusetyenzisweni kokukhanya okongezelelweyo kwe-LED kwisiseko sebhayoloji yokukhanya, izibane zokukhulisa ze-LED ekubunjweni kokukhanya kwezityalo, umgangatho wesondlo kunye nefuthe lokulibazisa ukuguga, ukwakhiwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwefomyula yokukhanya, kunye nohlalutyo kunye namathuba eengxaki zangoku kunye namathuba etekhnoloji yokukhanya okongezelelweyo kwe-LED.

Impembelelo yokukhanya okongezelelweyo kwe-LED ekukhuleni kwezityalo zezityalo

Iziphumo zokulawula ukukhanya ekukhuleni nasekuphuhleni kwezityalo ziquka ukuhluma kwembewu, ukwandiswa kwesiqu, ukuphuhliswa kwamagqabi neengcambu, i-phototropism, ukwenziwa kunye nokubola kwe-chlorophyll, kunye nokungeniswa kweentyatyambo. Izinto ezikwindawo yokukhanya kwiziko ziquka ubukhali bokukhanya, umjikelo wokukhanya kunye nokusasazwa kwe-spectral. Izinto zinokulungiswa ngokongeza ukukhanya okwenziweyo ngaphandle komda weemeko zemozulu.

Okwangoku, kukho ubuncinane iintlobo ezintathu ze-photoreceptors kwizityalo: i-phytochrome (efunxa ukukhanya okubomvu kunye nokukhanya okubomvu kakhulu), i-cryptochrome (efunxa ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunye nokukhanya okukufutshane kwe-ultraviolet) kunye ne-UV-A kunye ne-UV-B. Ukusetyenziswa komthombo wokukhanya we-wavelength ethile ukukhanyisela izityalo kunokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-photosynthesis yezityalo, kukhawulezise i-morphogenesis yokukhanya, kwaye kukhuthaze ukukhula kunye nophuhliso lwezityalo. Ukukhanya okubomvu oku-orenji (610 ~ 720 nm) kunye nokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka oku-violet (400 ~ 510 nm) kwasetyenziswa kwi-photosynthesis yezityalo. Ukusebenzisa itekhnoloji ye-LED, ukukhanya oku-monochromatic (okufana nokukhanya okubomvu okune-peak ye-660nm, ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okune-peak ye-450nm, njl.njl.) kunokukhanya ngokuhambelana nebhendi yokufunxa enamandla ye-chlorophyll, kwaye ububanzi be-spectral domain buyi-± 20 nm kuphela.

Okwangoku kukholelwa ukuba ukukhanya okubomvu-orenji kuya kukhawulezisa kakhulu uphuhliso lwezityalo, kukhuthaze ukuqokelelwa kwezinto ezomileyo, ukwakheka kweebhalbhu, iityhubhu, iibhalbhu zamagqabi kunye nezinye izitho zezityalo, kubangele ukuba izityalo zidubule kwaye zivelise iziqhamo kwangethuba, kwaye zidlale indima ephambili ekuphuculeni umbala wezityalo; Ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunye ne-violet kunokulawula i-phototropism yamagqabi ezityalo, kukhuthaze ukuvulwa kwe-stomata kunye nokuhamba kwe-chloroplast, kuthintele ukwandiswa kwesiqu, kuthintele ukwandiswa kwezityalo, kulibazise ukudubula kwezityalo, kwaye kukhuthaze ukukhula kwezitho zezityalo; indibaniselwano ye-LED ebomvu nebhlowu inokubuyisela ukukhanya okunganelanga kombala omnye kwezi zimbini kwaye yenze incochoyi yokufunxwa kwe-spectral ehambelana ngokusisiseko ne-photosynthesis yezityalo kunye ne-morphology. Izinga lokusetyenziswa kwamandla okukhanya linokufikelela kwi-80% ukuya kwi-90%, kwaye isiphumo sokonga amandla sibalulekile.

Ifakwe izibane ezongezelelweyo ze-LED kwizityalo zezityalo zinokufikelela ekwandeni okukhulu kwemveliso. Izifundo zibonise ukuba inani leziqhamo, imveliso iyonke kunye nobunzima betumato nganye yecherry phantsi kokukhanya okongeziweyo kwe-300 μmol/(m²·s) ii-LED strips kunye neetyhubhu ze-LED kangangeeyure ezili-12 (8:00-20:00) zinyuswe kakhulu. Ukukhanya okongeziweyo kwe-LED strip kunyuke nge-42.67%, 66.89% kunye ne-16.97% ngokwahlukeneyo, kwaye ukukhanya okongeziweyo kwetyhubhu ye-LED kunyuke nge-48.91%, 94.86% kunye ne-30.86% ngokwahlukeneyo. Ukukhanya okongeziweyo kwe-LED kwezixhobo zokukhanyisa ezikhulayo ze-LED ngexesha lonke lokukhula [umlinganiselo wokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka yi-3:2, kwaye amandla okukhanya yi-300 μmol/(m²·s)] kunokunyusa kakhulu umgangatho wesiqhamo esinye kunye nesivuno kwindawo nganye ye-chiehwa kunye ne-eggplant. I-Chikuquan inyuke nge-5.3% kunye ne-15.6%, kwaye i-eggplant inyuke nge-7.6% kunye ne-7.8%. Ngomgangatho wokukhanya kwe-LED kunye nobukhali bayo kunye nobude bexesha lokukhula lonke, umjikelo wokukhula kwesityalo unokufutshane, isivuno sorhwebo, umgangatho wesondlo kunye nexabiso le-morphological leemveliso zezolimo zinokuphuculwa, kwaye imveliso esebenza kakuhle, eyonga amandla kunye neyobuchule yezityalo zezityalo ezikwindawo inokuphunyezwa.

Ukusetyenziswa kwesibane esongezelelweyo se-LED ekulimeni izithole zemifuno

Ukulawula imo yezityalo kunye nokukhula kunye nophuhliso ngomthombo wokukhanya kwe-LED bubuchwepheshe obubalulekileyo kwicandelo lokulima i-greenhouse. Izityalo eziphezulu zinokuva kwaye zithole imiqondiso yokukhanya ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo ze-photoreceptor ezifana ne-phytochrome, i-cryptochrome, kunye ne-photoreceptor, kwaye zenze utshintsho lwemo ngokusebenzisa izithunywa zangaphakathi kweseli ukulawula izicubu kunye namalungu ezityalo. I-Photomorphogenesis ithetha ukuba izityalo zixhomekeke ekukhanyeni ukulawula ukwahluka kweeseli, utshintsho lwesakhiwo kunye nokusebenza, kunye nokwakheka kwezicubu kunye namalungu, kubandakanya nempembelelo ekukhuleni kwezinye imbewu, ukukhuthaza ulawulo lwe-apical, ukuthintela ukukhula kwamahlumela asecaleni, ukunwebeka kwesiqu, kunye ne-tropism.

Ukulima izithole zemifuno yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yezolimo lwezakhiwo. Imozulu eqhubekayo yemvula iya kubangela ukukhanya okunganelanga kwiziko, kwaye izithole zinokwaluphala, nto leyo eya kuchaphazela ukukhula kwemifuno, ukwahluka kwamahlumela eentyatyambo kunye nophuhliso lweziqhamo, kwaye ekugqibeleni ichaphazele isivuno kunye nomgangatho wazo. Kwimveliso, ezinye izixhobo zokulawula ukukhula kwezityalo, ezifana ne-gibberellin, i-auxin, i-paclobutrazol kunye ne-chlormequat, zisetyenziselwa ukulawula ukukhula kwezithole. Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa ngokungafanelekanga kwezixhobo zokulawula ukukhula kwezityalo kunokungcolisa ngokulula imeko-bume yemifuno kunye nezakhiwo, impilo yabantu ingathandeki.

Ukukhanya okongeziweyo kwe-LED kuneengenelo ezininzi ezikhethekileyo zokukhanya okongeziweyo, kwaye yindlela enokwenzeka yokusebenzisa ukukhanya okongeziweyo kwe-LED ukukhulisa izithole. Kuvavanyo lwe-LED [25±5 μmol/(m²·s)] olwenziwe phantsi kokukhanya okuphantsi [0~35 μmol/(m²·s)], kufunyenwe ukuba ukukhanya okuluhlaza kukhuthaza ukwanda nokukhula kwezithole zekhukhamba. Ukukhanya okubomvu nokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuthintela ukukhula kwezithole. Xa kuthelekiswa nokukhanya okubuthathaka kwendalo, isalathisi sezithole esinamandla esongezwe ngokukhanya okubomvu nokwesibhakabhaka sinyuke nge-151.26% kunye ne-237.98%, ngokulandelelana. Xa kuthelekiswa nomgangatho wokukhanya oku-monochromatic, isalathisi sezithole ezinamandla eziqulethe izinto ezibomvu nokwesibhakabhaka phantsi konyango lokukhanya okongeziweyo kokukhanya okudibeneyo sinyuke nge-304.46%.

Ukongeza ukukhanya okubomvu kwizithole zekhukhamba kunokunyusa inani lamagqabi okwenyani, indawo yamagqabi, ukuphakama kwesityalo, ububanzi besiqu, umgangatho owomileyo nomtsha, isalathisi esomeleleyo sembewu, amandla eengcambu, umsebenzi we-SOD kunye nomxholo weprotheyini enyibilikayo kwizithole zekhukhamba. Ukongeza i-UV-B kunokunyusa umxholo we-chlorophyll a, i-chlorophyll b kunye ne-carotenoids kumagqabi ezithole zekhukhamba. Xa kuthelekiswa nokukhanya kwendalo, ukongeza ukukhanya kwe-LED ebomvu neluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunokunyusa kakhulu indawo yamagqabi, umgangatho wezinto ezomileyo kunye nesalathisi esinamandla sezithole zekhukhamba. Ukongeza ukukhanya okubomvu kwe-LED kunye nokukhanya okuluhlaza kwandisa kakhulu ubude kunye nobukhulu besiqu sezithole zekhukhamba. Unyango lokukhanya kokongeza ukukhanya okuluhlaza kwe-LED kunokunyusa kakhulu i-biomass yezithole zekhukhamba kunye netamatato, kwaye ubunzima obutsha nobomileyo bezithole buyanda ngokwanda kokukhanya kokongeza ukukhanya okuluhlaza, ngelixa isiqu esityebileyo kunye nesalathisi esinamandla sezithole zetamatato zonke zilandela ukukhanya kokongeza ukukhanya okuluhlaza. Ukonyuka kwamandla kuyanda. Ukudibana kokukhanya okubomvu neluhlaza kwe-LED kunokunyusa ubukhulu besiqu, indawo yamagqabi, ubunzima obomileyo besityalo sonke, umlinganiselo weengcambu ukuya kwihlumela, kunye nesalathisi esinamandla sezithole ze-eggplant. Xa kuthelekiswa nokukhanya okumhlophe, ukukhanya okubomvu kwe-LED kunokunyusa i-biomass yezityalo zekhaphetshu kwaye kukhuthaze ukukhula okude kunye nokwanda kwamagqabi ezityalo zekhaphetshu. Ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwe-LED kukhuthaza ukukhula okutyebileyo, ukuqokelelwa kwezinto ezomileyo kunye ne-index eqinileyo yezityalo zekhaphetshu, kwaye kwenza izityalo zekhaphetshu zibe mfutshane. Iziphumo ezingentla zibonisa ukuba iingenelo zezityalo zemifuno ezikhuliswe ngetekhnoloji yokulawula ukukhanya zicacile kakhulu.

Impembelelo yokukhanya okongezelelweyo kwe-LED kumgangatho wesondlo seziqhamo nemifuno

Iproteni, iswekile, i-organic acid kunye neevithamini ezikwiziqhamo nemifuno zizinto zesondlo eziluncedo kwimpilo yabantu. Umgangatho wokukhanya unokuchaphazela umxholo we-VC kwizityalo ngokulawula umsebenzi wokwenziwa kwe-VC kunye nokubola kwe-enzyme, kwaye unokulawula imetabolism yeproteni kunye nokuqokelelwa kwe-carbohydrate kwizityalo zezityalo. Ukukhanya okubomvu kukhuthaza ukuqokelelwa kwe-carbohydrate, unyango lokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka luluncedo ekwakhiweni kweproteni, ngelixa ukudityaniswa kokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunokuphucula umgangatho wesondlo sezityalo ophezulu kakhulu kunowokukhanya okunombala omnye.

Ukongeza isibane se-LED esibomvu okanye esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunokunciphisa umxholo we-nitrate kwilettuce, ukongeza isibane se-LED esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okanye esiluhlaza kunokukhuthaza ukuqokelelwa kweswekile enyibilikayo kwilettuce, kwaye ukongeza isibane se-LED esikhanyayo kunceda ekuqokeleleni kwe-VC kwilettuce. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba ukongezwa kwesibane esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunokuphucula umxholo we-VC kunye nomxholo weprotheyini enyibilikayo kwitumato; ukukhanya okubomvu kunye nokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okudibeneyo kunokukhuthaza umxholo weswekile kunye ne-asidi kwitumato, kwaye umlinganiselo weswekile kwi-asidi wawungowona uphezulu phantsi kokukhanya okubomvu okwesibhakabhaka okudibeneyo; ukukhanya okubomvu okwesibhakabhaka okudibeneyo kunokuphucula umxholo we-VC kwitumato.

Iiphenols, iiflavonoids, ii-anthocyanins kunye nezinye izinto ezikwiziqhamo nemifuno azinampembelelo ibalulekileyo kumbala, incasa kunye nexabiso lemveliso yeziqhamo nemifuno, kodwa zikwanomsebenzi wendalo wokulwa neentsholongwane, kwaye zinokuthintela okanye zisuse ii-free radicals emzimbeni womntu ngempumelelo.

Ukusebenzisa ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwe-LED ukongeza ukukhanya kunokunyusa kakhulu umxholo we-anthocyanin kwisikhumba se-eggplant nge-73.6%, ngelixa ukusebenzisa ukukhanya okubomvu kwe-LED kunye nokudibanisa ukukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunokunyusa umxholo we-flavonoids kunye ne-total phenols. Ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunokukhuthaza ukuqokelelwa kwe-lycopene, i-flavonoids kunye ne-anthocyanins kwiziqhamo zetamatato. Ukudibanisa ukukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kukhuthaza ukuveliswa kwe-anthocyanins ukuya kwinqanaba elithile, kodwa kuthintela ukwenziwa kwe-flavonoids. Xa kuthelekiswa nonyango lokukhanya okumhlophe, unyango lokukhanya okubomvu lunokunyusa kakhulu umxholo we-anthocyanin kwihlumela lelettuce, kodwa unyango lokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka lunomxholo ophantsi we-anthocyanin. Umxholo opheleleyo we-phenol we-lettuce eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, i-purple leaf kunye ne-red leaf wawuphezulu phantsi kokukhanya okumhlophe, ukukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okudibeneyo kunye nonyango lokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kodwa wawungowona uphantsi phantsi konyango lokukhanya okubomvu. Ukongeza ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet kwe-LED okanye ukukhanya okuorenji kunokunyusa umxholo wee-phenolic compounds kumagqabi elettuce, ngelixa ukongeza ukukhanya okuluhlaza kunokunyusa umxholo we-anthocyanins. Ke ngoko, ukusetyenziswa kokukhanya kwe-LED yindlela esebenzayo yokulawula umgangatho wesondlo seziqhamo nemifuno ekulimeni izityalo kwindawo yokulima.

Impembelelo yokukhanya okongezelelweyo kwe-LED ekulweni nokwaluphala kwezityalo

Ukuwohloka kwe-chlorophyll, ukulahleka kweprotheyini ngokukhawuleza kunye ne-RNA hydrolysis ngexesha lokukhula kwezityalo kubonakala kakhulu njengokukhula kwamagqabi. Ii-chloroplast zinovelwano kakhulu kutshintsho kwindawo yokukhanya yangaphandle, ngakumbi oluchaphazeleka ngumgangatho wokukhanya. Ukukhanya okubomvu, ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunye nokukhanya okudibeneyo okubomvu-blu kukhuthaza i-morphogenesis ye-chloroplast, ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kukhuthaza ukuqokelelwa kweenkozo zesitatshi kwii-chloroplast, kwaye, ukukhanya okubomvu kunye nokukhanya okubomvu kakhulu kunempembelelo embi ekuphuhlisweni kwe-chloroplast. Ukudibanisa ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunye nokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunokukhuthaza ukwenziwa kwe-chlorophyll kumagqabi eembewu zekhukhamba, kwaye ukuhlanganiswa kokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunokulibazisa ukuncitshiswa komxholo we-chlorophyll yamagqabi kwinqanaba lokugqibela. Esi siphumo sibonakala ngakumbi ngokuncipha komlinganiselo wokukhanya okubomvu kunye nokwanda komlinganiselo wokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Umxholo we-chlorophyll wamagqabi eembewu zekhukhamba phantsi konyango lokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka lwe-LED wawuphezulu kakhulu kunalowo uphantsi kolawulo lokukhanya okukhanyayo kunye nonyango lokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okomhlaza okukodwa. Ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwe-LED kunokunyusa kakhulu ixabiso le-chlorophyll a/b yezityalo zeWutacai kunye negalikhi eluhlaza.

Ngexesha lokukhula, kukho ii-cytokinins (CTK), i-auxin (IAA), utshintsho kumxholo we-abscisic acid (ABA) kunye notshintsho olwahlukeneyo kumsebenzi we-enzyme. Umxholo wee-hormone zezityalo uchaphazeleka lula yindawo yokukhanya. Iimpawu ezahlukeneyo zokukhanya zinemiphumo eyahlukeneyo yokulawula kwii-hormone zezityalo, kwaye amanyathelo okuqala endlela yokudluliselwa kwesignali yokukhanya aquka ii-cytokinins.

I-CTK ikhuthaza ukwanda kweeseli zamagqabi, iphucula i-photosynthesis yamagqabi, ngelixa ithintela imisebenzi ye-ribonuclease, i-deoxyribonuclease kunye ne-protease, kwaye ilibazisa ukuwohloka kwe-nucleic acids, iiproteni kunye ne-chlorophyll, ngoko ke inokulibazisa kakhulu ukuguga kwamagqabi. Kukho intsebenziswano phakathi kokukhanya kunye nolawulo lophuhliso oluxhaswa yi-CTK, kwaye ukukhanya kunokukhuthaza ukunyuka kwamanqanaba e-cytokinin e-endogenous. Xa izicubu zezityalo zikwimeko yokuguga, umxholo wazo we-cytokinin e-endogenous uyancipha.

I-IAA igxile kakhulu kwiindawo ezikhula ngamandla, kwaye akukho mxholo mkhulu kwizicubu okanye amalungu omzimba agugayo. Ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunokunyusa umsebenzi we-indole acetic acid oxidase, kwaye amanqanaba aphantsi e-IAA anokuthintela ukwanda nokukhula kwezityalo.

I-ABA yenziwe ikakhulu kwiithishu zamagqabi asele ekhulile, iziqhamo ezivuthiweyo, imbewu, iziqu, iingcambu nezinye iindawo. Umthamo we-ABA wekhukhamba kunye nekhaphetshu phantsi komxube wokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka uphantsi kunowokukhanya okumhlophe kunye nokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.

I-Peroxidase (POD), i-superoxide dismutase (SOD), i-ascorbate peroxidase (APX), i-catalase (CAT) zezona enzymes zibalulekileyo nezikhuselayo ezinxulumene nokukhanya kwizityalo. Ukuba izityalo ziyaguga, imisebenzi yezi enzymes iya kuncipha ngokukhawuleza.

Iimpawu ezahlukeneyo zokukhanya zinefuthe elibalulekileyo kwimisebenzi ye-enzyme ye-antioxidant yezityalo. Emva kweentsuku ezili-9 zonyango lokukhanya okubomvu, umsebenzi we-APX wezityalo ze-rape wanda kakhulu, kwaye umsebenzi we-POD wehla. Umsebenzi we-POD wetamatato emva kweentsuku ezili-15 zokukhanya okubomvu kunye nokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka wawuphezulu kunowokukhanya okumhlophe nge-20.9% kunye ne-11.7%, ngokulandelelana. Emva kweentsuku ezingama-20 zonyango lokukhanya okuluhlaza, umsebenzi we-POD wetamatato wawuphantsi kakhulu, yi-55.4% kuphela yokukhanya okumhlophe. Ukongeza ukukhanya okuluhlaza iiyure ezi-4 kunokunyusa kakhulu umxholo weprotheyini enyibilikayo, imisebenzi ye-POD, SOD, APX, kunye nemisebenzi ye-enzyme ye-CAT kumagqabi ekhukhamba kwinqanaba lokuhluma. Ukongeza, imisebenzi ye-SOD kunye ne-APX yehla kancinci ngokwandiswa kokukhanya. Umsebenzi we-SOD kunye ne-APX phantsi kokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunye nokukhanya okubomvu wehla kancinci kodwa uhlala uphezulu kunowokukhanya okumhlophe. Ukukhanya okubomvu kunciphisa kakhulu imisebenzi ye-peroxidase kunye ne-IAA peroxidase yamagqabi etamatato kunye ne-IAA peroxidase yamagqabi e-eggplant, kodwa kwabangela ukuba umsebenzi we-peroxidase wamagqabi e-eggplant wande kakhulu. Ke ngoko, ukwamkela icebo elifanelekileyo lokukhanyisa i-LED kunokulibazisa ngempumelelo ukuguga kwezityalo zezityalo kwaye kuphucule isivuno kunye nomgangatho.

Ukwakhiwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwefomyula yesibane se-LED

Ukukhula nophuhliso lwezityalo kuchatshazelwa kakhulu ngumgangatho wokukhanya kunye nomlinganiselo wokwakheka kwazo owahlukileyo. Ifomula yokukhanya ibandakanya ikakhulu izinto ezininzi ezifana nomlinganiselo womgangatho wokukhanya, ubungakanani bokukhanya, kunye nexesha lokukhanya. Ekubeni izityalo ezahlukeneyo zinemfuno ezahlukeneyo zokukhanya kunye namanqanaba okukhula nophuhliso ahlukeneyo, indibaniselwano engcono kakhulu yomgangatho wokukhanya, ubungakanani bokukhanya kunye nexesha lokongeza ukukhanya iyafuneka kwizityalo ezilinyiweyo.

 ◆Umlinganiselo we-spectrum yokukhanya

Xa kuthelekiswa nokukhanya okumhlophe kunye nokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okukodwa, indibaniselwano yokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwe-LED inenzuzo enkulu ekukhuleni nasekuphuhlisweni kwezithole zekhukhamba kunye nekhaphetshu.

Xa umlinganiselo wokukhanya okubomvu nokwebhlowu uyi-8:2, ubukhulu besiqu sesityalo, ukuphakama kwesityalo, ubunzima besityalo esomileyo, ubunzima obutsha, isalathisi sembewu esomeleleyo, njl.njl., ziyanda kakhulu, kwaye kukwaluncedo ekwakhiweni kwe-chloroplast matrix kunye ne-basal lamella kunye nemveliso yezinto ezihambelanayo.

Ukusetyenziswa komxube wombala obomvu, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunye nomgangatho oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwizityalo ezibomvu zembotyi kuluncedo ekuqokeleleni kwazo izinto ezomileyo, kwaye ukukhanya okuluhlaza kunokukhuthaza ukuqokelelwa kwezinto ezomileyo zembotyi ezibomvu. Ukukhula kubonakala kakhulu xa umlinganiselo wokukhanya okubomvu, okuluhlaza kunye noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka uyi-6:2:1. Isiphumo se-hypocotyl elongation yemifuno ye-red bean sprout yayiyeyona ilungileyo phantsi komlinganiselo wokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka we-8:1, kwaye i-hypocotyl elongation yembotyi ebomvu yayithintelwe ngokucacileyo phantsi komlinganiselo wokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka we-6:3, kodwa umxholo weproteni enyibilikayo wawuphezulu.

Xa umlinganiselo wokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka uyi-8:1 kwizithole ze-loofah, isalathisi sezithole esinamandla kunye nomxholo weswekile enyibilikayo kwizithole ze-loofah ziphezulu. Xa kusetyenziswa umgangatho wokukhanya onomlinganiselo wokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka oyi-6:3, umxholo we-chlorophyll a, umlinganiselo we-chlorophyll a/b, kunye nomxholo weproteni enyibilikayo kwizithole ze-loofah yayizezona ziphezulu.

Xa usebenzisa umlinganiselo we-3:1 wokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwiseleri, inokukhuthaza ngokufanelekileyo ukwanda kobude besityalo seseleri, ubude be-petiole, inani lamagqabi, umgangatho wokomisa, umxholo we-VC, umxholo weproteni enyibilikayo kunye nomxholo weswekile enyibilikayo. Ekulimeni iitumato, ukwandisa umlinganiselo wokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwe-LED kukhuthaza ukwakheka kwe-lycopene, ii-amino acids zasimahla kunye nee-flavonoids, kwaye ukwandisa umlinganiselo wokukhanya okubomvu kukhuthaza ukwakheka kwee-asidi ezinokubalwa. Xa ukukhanya okunomlinganiselo wokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kumagqabi elettuce kuyi-8:1, kuluncedo ekuqokeleleni kwee-carotenoids, kwaye kunciphisa ngokufanelekileyo umxholo we-nitrate kwaye kwandisa umxholo we-VC.

 ◆Ukukhanya okukhulu

Izityalo ezikhula phantsi kokukhanya okubuthathaka zisengozini yokuthintelwa yi-photoinhibition kunaphantsi kokukhanya okunamandla. Izinga le-photosynthesis lezityalo zetamatato liyanda ngokwanda kokukhanya [50, 150, 200, 300, 450, 550μmol/(m²·s)], nto leyo ebonisa ukuba ziqala zikhule zize zinciphe, kwaye kwi-300μmol/(m²·s) zifikelele kwiqondo eliphezulu. Ukuphakama kwesityalo, indawo yamagqabi, umxholo wamanzi kunye nomxholo we-VC welettuce kunyuke kakhulu ngaphantsi konyango lokukhanya olunamandla lwe-150μmol/(m²·s). Unyango lokukhanya olunamandla lwe-200μmol/(m²·s), ubunzima obutsha, ubunzima obupheleleyo kunye nomxholo we-amino acid yasimahla lunyuswe kakhulu, kwaye phantsi konyango lokukhanya olunamandla lwe-300μmol/(m²·s), indawo yamagqabi, umxholo wamanzi, i-chlorophyll a, i-chlorophyll a+b kunye ne-carotenoids yelettuce zonke zinciphile. Xa kuthelekiswa nobumnyama, ngokwanda kokukhanya kwe-LED [3, 9, 15 μmol/(m²·s)], umxholo we-chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, kunye ne-chlorophyll a+b ye-black bean sprouts unyuke kakhulu. Umxholo we-VC uphezulu kwi-3μmol/(m²·s), kwaye iproteni enyibilikayo, iswekile enyibilikayo kunye nomxholo we-sucrose ziphezulu kwi-9μmol/(m²·s). Phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo zobushushu, ngokwanda kokukhanya [(2~2.5)lx×103 lx, (4~4.5)lx×103 lx, (6~6.5)lx×103 lx], ixesha lokuhluma kwezithole zepepile liyafinyezwa, umxholo weswekile enyibilikayo uyanda, kodwa umxholo we-chlorophyll a kunye ne-carotenoids wehla kancinci kancinci.

 ◆Ixesha lokukhanya

Ukwandisa ixesha lokukhanya ngokufanelekileyo kunokunciphisa uxinzelelo lokukhanya oluphantsi olubangelwa kukungabikho kokukhanya ngokwaneleyo ukuya kwinqanaba elithile, kuncede ekuqokeleleni kweemveliso ze-photosynthetic zezityalo zezityalo, kwaye kufezekiswe isiphumo sokwandisa isivuno kunye nokuphucula umgangatho. Umxholo we-VC kwihlumela ubonise umkhwa okhulayo kancinci kancinci ngokwandiswa kwexesha lokukhanya (0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20h/ngosuku), ngelixa umxholo we-amino acid yamahhala, imisebenzi ye-SOD kunye ne-CAT yonke ibonise umkhwa ophantsi. Ngokwandiswa kwexesha lokukhanya (12, 15, 18h), ubunzima obutsha bezityalo zekhaphetshu zaseTshayina banda kakhulu. Umxholo we-VC kumagqabi nakwiziqu zekhaphetshu yaseTshayina wawuphezulu kakhulu kwi-15 kunye ne-12h, ngokulandelelana. Umxholo weproteni enyibilikayo kumagqabi ekhaphetshu yaseTshayina wehla kancinci kancinci, kodwa iziqu zaziphezulu emva kwe-15h. Umxholo weswekile enyibilikayo kumagqabi ekhaphetshu yaseTshayina wanda kancinci kancinci, ngelixa iziqu zaziphezulu kwi-12h. Xa umlinganiselo wokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka uyi-1:2, xa kuthelekiswa nexesha lokukhanya leeyure ezili-12, unyango lokukhanya lweeyure ezingama-20 lunciphisa umxholo ohambelanayo wee-phenols kunye nee-flavonoids kwilettuce eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kodwa xa umlinganiselo wokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka uyi-2:1, unyango lokukhanya lweeyure ezingama-20 lunyuse kakhulu umxholo ohambelanayo wee-phenols kunye nee-flavonoids kwilettuce eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.

Ukusuka koku kungasentla, kunokubonwa ukuba iifomyula zokukhanya ezahlukeneyo zinefuthe elahlukileyo kwi-photosynthesis, i-photomorphogenesis kunye ne-metabolism yekhabhoni kunye ne-nitrogen yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zezityalo. Indlela yokufumana ifomyula yokukhanya engcono kakhulu, ulwakhiwo lomthombo wokukhanya kunye nokwakhiwa kwamaqhinga okulawula okukrelekrele kufuna iintlobo zezityalo njengesiqalo, kwaye, kufuneka kwenziwe uhlengahlengiso olufanelekileyo ngokweemfuno zemveliso yezityalo zezityalo zegadi, iinjongo zemveliso, izinto zemveliso, njl.njl., ukufezekisa injongo yolawulo olukrelekrele lwendalo ekhanyayo kunye nezityalo zegadi ezikumgangatho ophezulu nezivelisa isivuno esiphezulu phantsi kweemeko zokonga amandla.

Iingxaki ezikhoyo kunye namathemba

Inzuzo ebalulekileyo yokukhanya kwe-LED kukuba inokwenza uhlengahlengiso oluchanekileyo lokudibanisa ngokweemfuno zeempawu ze-photosynthetic, imo, umgangatho kunye nesivuno sezityalo ezahlukeneyo. Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezityalo kunye namaxesha okukhula ahlukeneyo esityalo esinye zonke zinemfuno ezahlukeneyo zomgangatho wokukhanya, amandla okukhanya kunye nexesha le-photoperiod. Oku kufuna uphuhliso olongezelelweyo kunye nokuphuculwa kophando lwefomula yokukhanya ukwenza isiseko sedatha esikhulu sefomula yokukhanya. Xa zidityaniswe nophando kunye nophuhliso lwezibane zobungcali, ixabiso eliphezulu lezibane ezongezelelweyo ze-LED kwizicelo zezolimo linokufunyanwa, ukuze kongiwe ngcono amandla, kuphuculwe ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso kunye neenzuzo zoqoqosho. Ukusetyenziswa kokukhanya kwe-LED kwizityalo zezityalo kubonakalise amandla anamandla, kodwa ixabiso lezixhobo zokukhanyisa ze-LED okanye izixhobo liphezulu, kwaye utyalo-mali lwexesha elinye lukhulu. Iimfuno zokukhanya ezongezelelweyo zezityalo ezahlukeneyo phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo zendalo azicaci, i-spectrum yokukhanya eyongezelelweyo, amandla angenangqiqo kunye nexesha lokukhanya okukhulayo kuya kubangela iingxaki ezahlukeneyo ekusetyenzisweni kweshishini lokukhanyisa okukhulayo.

Nangona kunjalo, ngokuqhubela phambili nokuphuculwa kwetekhnoloji kunye nokunciphisa iindleko zemveliso yokukhanya kwe-LED, ukukhanya okongeziweyo kwe-LED kuya kusetyenziswa kakhulu kwizityalo zezityalo. Kwangaxeshanye, uphuhliso kunye nenkqubela phambili yenkqubo yetekhnoloji yokukhanya okongeziweyo kwe-LED kunye nokudityaniswa kwamandla amatsha kuya kwenza ukuba kubekho uphuhliso olukhawulezileyo lwezolimo zezityalo, ezolimo zosapho, ezolimo zasezidolophini kunye nezolimo zasesibhakabhakeni ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabantu zezityalo zezityalo kwiindawo ezikhethekileyo.